儿童肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染临床特征及菌株药物敏感性分析

摘要：目的 探讨儿童肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染(Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection, KPBSI)临床特征及肺炎克雷伯 菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP)对常用抗菌药物的敏感性，为儿童KPBSI合理治疗提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019 年12月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院住院的KPBSI患儿临床资料。结果 共纳入110例患儿，64例(58.2%)为院内感染，72例 (65.5%)有基础疾病，以血液系统肿瘤最多见。110例患儿PRISM Ⅲ评分为16.0(7.0~20.8)，其中74例(67.3%)发生脓毒症，15例 (13.6%)发生脓毒性休克，18例(16.4%)发生呼吸衰竭，15例(13.6%)需有创机械通气，院内死亡共13例(11.8%)。KP菌株对阿米卡 星、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感率＞90%，对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松和头孢他啶的敏感率分别为58.3%、60.9%和70.9%，对头孢哌 酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为59.5%和82.7%。检出ESBLs+菌株39株(39/86，45.3%)，耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷 伯菌(CRKP)菌株10株(10/110，9.1%)，ESBLs+KP菌株和CRKP在各年龄组间分布无统计学差异。结论 儿童KPBSI多见于有基 础疾病的患儿，脓毒症、脓毒性休克和呼吸衰竭发生率高；KP菌株对头孢他啶和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高，可经验性治 疗轻症KPBSI患儿。     

A comparison of efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative therapies for severe mycoplasma pneumonia in children: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:In recent years, the incidence rate of children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP) is increasing, which poses a great threat to children''s life and safety. There are some limitations in the existing drugs for the treatment of SMPP, and the supplementary and alternative therapy of SMPP plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of this disease. This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of various complementary and alternative therapies for SMPP by means of mesh meta-analysis. In order to provide the basis for clinical rational use.Methods:Two researchers will independently and comprehensively searched the Cochrane Central controlled trials registry, Cochrane Library, PubMed, web of science, EMBASE, CNKI, and Wanfang database to collect randomized controlled trials (RCT) studies on complementary and alternative therapies for SMPP. And the relevant references included in the systematic review/meta-analysis are screened. The retrieval time limit is from the establishment of the database to November 2020. We will use Revman 5.3 software for meta-analysis and use grade to grade the quality of evidence in the net meta-analysis (NMA).Results:The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of different complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of SMPP, with a view to evaluating and ranking different interventions.Conclusion:The supplement and replacement therapy of SMPP can improve the clinical efficacy, relieve the clinical symptoms, improve the quality of life of children, and reduce adverse reactions, which can provide strong support for the rational use of clinicians.INPLASY registration number:INPLASY2020110079.     

A new aspect of in vitro antimicrobial leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma activity based on flow cytometry assessment

The current literature suggests that the antibacterial effect of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) is directly related to platelet and leukocyte concentrations. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of L-PRP against selected bacterial strains in vitro, and second, to correlate this effect with leukocyte and platelet content in the final concentration. Blood was collected from 20 healthy males, and L-PRP, acellular plasma (AP), and autologous thrombin were consecutively prepared. Flow cytometry analysis of the blood, L-PRP, and AP was performed. The L-PRP gel, liquid L-PRP, and thrombin samples were tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties against seven selected bacterial strains using the Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method. There was notable antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains. No statistically significant correlations between antimicrobial activities and the platelet concentration in L-PRP were observed. Statistically significant positive correlations between selected leukocyte subtypes and antimicrobial activity were noted. A negative correlation was found between elevated monocyte count and antimicrobial activity of L-PRP against one bacterial strain studied. L-PRP possesses antimicrobial activity and can be potentially useful in the fight against certain postoperative infections. The bactericidal effect of L-PRP is caused by leukocytes, and there exists a relationship among selected leukocyte subtypes and L-PRP antimicrobial activity.     

低分子肝素治疗D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎的有效性分析

目的分析低分子肝素治疗D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎的有效性。方法选取我院2018年1～12月收治的64例D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎患儿作为研究对象,按照数字盲选法将其均分为两组(n=32),对照组采用常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上给予低分子肝素,对比两组治疗效果。结果治疗后,观察组的血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组的发热时间、住院时间均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论将低分子肝素应用于D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎患儿的治疗中,可有效改善患儿体内的凝血系统功能,缩短病情恢复时间,提高治疗效果,促进其病情恢复。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌感染死亡风险预测模型的建立及其对患者预后的预测价值研究

背景　肺炎克雷伯菌是院内感染常见致病菌，碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗其感染的“最后一道防线”。近年来由于抗生素尤其是耐碳青霉烯类的过量暴露，碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）引起的院内感染增加，其检出率亦随医疗技术的进步而逐年增加。CRKP感染后，临床可供选择的敏感抗生素屈指可数，且抗感染治疗效果不佳，死亡率也随之上升。目的　探究CRKP感染患者发生死亡的危险因素，建立CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型，并评估该模型对患者预后的预测价值。方法　收集2017年1月-2019年4月西安交通大学第二附属医院收治的199例CRKP感染患者的临床资料。将2017年1月-2018年12月收治的患者作为建模组（n=138），2019年1-4月收治的患者作为验证组（n=61）。将建模组的患者依据离院时状态分为存活亚组、死亡亚组，分别为104例和34例。比较存活亚组和死亡亚组患者一般资料、基础疾病、入院前治疗情况、住院期间并发症、有创治疗情况、初始治疗（3 d）后血生化指标及体温、入院后治疗情况等。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究CRKP感染患者发生死亡的影响因素，并依据多因素Logistic回归分析结果的相关系数建立CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型，分别绘制CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型预测建模组及验证组患者发生死亡的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线。结果　建模组患者死亡率为24.6%（34/138），验证组患者死亡率为24.6%（15/61）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，住院期间并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）、初始治疗后急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分≥14分、使用血管活性药物是CRKP感染患者发生死亡的影响因素（P<0.05）。CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型回归方程=住院期间并发MODS×2.4+（初始治疗后APACHⅡ评分≥14分）×1.5+使用血管活性药物×2.0。将CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型应用于建模组患者，H-L检验P值为0.866；应用于验证组患者，H-L检验P值为0.807。CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型预测建模组患者发生死亡的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.851〔95%CI（0.774，0.928）〕，最佳截断值为2.75，灵敏度为84.4%，特异度为76.0%，约登指数为0.584。CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型预测验证组患者发生死亡的AUC为0.966〔95%CI（0.894，1.000）〕，最佳截断值为2.95，灵敏度为100%，特异度为87.0%，约登指数为0.870。结论　住院期间并发MODS、初始治疗后APACHEⅡ评分≥14分、使用血管活性药物是CRKP感染患者发生死亡的独立危险因素，依据上述指标拟合出的CRKP感染死亡风险预测模型对CRKP感染患者预后具有较好的预测价值。     

苇茎汤合麻杏石甘汤加减联合半量激素治疗儿童毒热闭肺证难治性肺炎支原体肺炎

目的:观察苇茎汤合麻杏石甘汤加减联合半量激素治疗儿童毒热闭肺型难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法:120例患儿随机分为对照组和观察组,各60例。在基础治疗基础上,对照组给予连花清瘟颗粒+甲强尼龙(每次10 mg·kg-1,2次/日),观察组给予苇茎汤合麻杏石甘汤加减+甲强尼龙(每次10 mg·kg-1,1次/日),疗程均为14 d。观察两组治疗前后肺功能指标[最大通气量(MVV),呼气达峰时间(TPTEF),第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1),呼气达峰容积(VPTEF)],血浆心肌酶谱[肌酸激酶(CK),肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),胫丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)],免疫功能[免疫球蛋白G(IgG),免疫球蛋白M(IgM),红细胞免疫复合物(RBC-ICR),红细胞C3b受体(RBC-C3bR)],炎性因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),γ-干扰素(IFN-γ),白细胞介素-13(IL-13),白细胞介素-17A(IL-17A)],临床疗效和不良反应。结果:研究期间脱落4例。观察组总有效率96.6%(57/59),高于对照组的84.2%(48/57)(P<0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,观察组MVV,TPTEF,FEV1,VPTEF,RBC-C3bR,IL-13升高(P<0.05);CK,CKMB,LDH,HBDH,IgG,IgM,RBC-ICR,TNF-α,IFN-γ和IL-17A降低(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:苇茎汤合麻杏石甘汤加减联合半量激素可明显改善毒热闭肺型难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的肺功能,心肌酶谱,免疫功能和炎性因子水平,不良反应发生率低。     

Manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas como complicación de una infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae y desarrollo posterior de una encefalitis aguda diseminada

The purpose of this article is to describe two paediatric neuro-ophthalmological clinical cases caused by a systemic infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). The cases are two girls aged 14 and 12 seen in the Emergency Department: The first one had internuclear ophthalmoplegia and second with loss of vision and headache. They had no other neurological foci. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense plaques in both, suggestive of a demyelinating disease. One month later, the neuro-ophthalmological symptoms resolved, with normal follow-up magnetic resonance imagings. The diagnosis was acute disseminated encephalitis secondary to M. pneumoniae. The diagnosis was made using PCR (gold standard) and/or IgM in serology. It is important to think about this possible aetiology in cases of suggestive demyelinating disease. There is controversy about the role of antibiotics and on whether corticosteroids are contemplated. In conclusion, M. pneumoniae must be a differential diagnosis in acute neuro-ophthalmological disorders in children.     

沙参麦冬汤加减对阴虚肺热证肺炎支原体肺炎恢复期患者免疫炎症反应的影响

目的:观察沙参麦冬汤加减对肺炎支原体肺炎恢复期患者阴虚肺热证的疗效及对免疫炎症反应的调节作用。方法:将148例患者按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各74例。研究期间对照组脱落、失访2例,剔除3例完成70例;观察组脱落、失访4例,完成71例。两组患者均口服阿奇霉素片,10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),连服3 d;和匹多莫德颗粒剂,0.4～0.8 g/次,2次/d;和氨溴特罗口服溶液,2.5～15 mL/次,2次/d。对照组口服养阴清肺口服液,5～10 mL/次,2～3次/d;观察组内服沙参麦冬汤加减,1剂/d。两组疗程均为7 d。进行治疗前后咳嗽症状评分和咳嗽视觉模拟评分(VAS);记录咳嗽、肺部湿啰音,咯痰消失时间和胸片复常时间;进行治疗前后阴虚肺热证评分和莱塞斯特咳嗽问卷(LCQ)评分;检测治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+和CD4+/CD8+)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6),IL~(-1)0,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),P物质(SP),降钙素原基因相关肽(CGRP)水平;进行治疗后安全性评价。结果:观察组疾病疗效总有效为95.77%(68/71),优于对照组的82.86%(58/70)(χ2=6.186,P0.05);观察组患者咳嗽症状积分和VAS评分均明显低于对照组(P0.01);观察组患者LCQ量表各维度评分和LCQ总分均高于对照组(P0.01);观察组患者咳嗽、肺部湿啰音、咯痰消失时间及胸片复常时间均短于对照组(P0.01);观察组CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+均高于对照组(P0.01),CD8+低于对照组(P0.01);观察组血清IL-6,IL~(-1)0,TNF-α水平和痰液中SP和CGRP水均低于对照组(P0.01)。结论:在西医常规治疗的基础上,采用沙参麦冬汤加减内服治疗MPP恢复期阴虚肺热证患者,可减轻咳嗽程度,缩短病程,改善了生活质量,提高了细胞免疫功能,减轻了炎性损伤,降低了咳嗽敏感性,有较好的临床疗效,且使用安全。     

清金降火汤加减联合阿奇霉素对痰湿闭阻型小儿支原体肺炎患者的临床疗效

目的探讨清金降火汤加减联合阿奇霉素对痰湿闭阻型小儿支原体肺炎患者的临床疗效。方法 210例患者随机分为清金降火汤加减组、阿奇霉素组、联合组,每组70例,疗程14 d。检测临床疗效、肺功能指标(PEF、VPTEF、TPTEF、PFV)、血清抗炎因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-13)、血清促炎因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8)、血清免疫功能指标(CD^3+、CD^4+、CD^8+、RBC-ICR)、不良反应发生率变化。结果联合组总有效率、VPTEF、TPTEF、PFV、IL-2、IL-13、CD3+、CD4+高于清金降火汤加减组、阿奇霉素组(P<0.05),PEF、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8、CD^8+、RBC-ICR降低(P<0.05),不良反应发生率低于阿奇霉素组(P<0.05)。结论清金降火汤加减联合阿奇霉素可有效改善痰湿闭阻型小儿支原体肺炎患者肺功能、血清炎性因子、免疫功能,安全性较高。