张力带治疗后交叉韧带胫止点撕脱骨折

自1999年12月-2004年2月采用切开复位张力带内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫止点撕脱骨折18例，术后骨折愈合良好，关节功能满意，现介绍如下。     

关节镜下肩袖缝合术治疗肩袖撕裂

目的探讨关节镜下肩袖缝合术治疗肩袖撕裂的手术方法和临床效果。方法2002年12月至2005年10月，对27例肩袖撕裂患者行关节镜下肩袖缝合术，25例获得1年以上随访，其中男12例，女13例；年龄35～67岁，平均54．3岁；左肩6例，右肩19例，涉及优势侧19例。10例滑囊侧部分撕裂，1例滑囊侧及关节侧均有部分撕裂，14例全层撕裂。术前均拍摄肩关节正位和冈上肌出口位X线片，21例行B超检查，23例行MR或MRA检查。全部病例行肩峰下滑囊切除及前肩峰成形术。肩袖修复方式：1例直接行断端缝合，15例应用缝合锚钉行肩袖止点重建，9例联合应用断端缝合及缝合锚钉技术。分别在术前和最终随访时采用UCLA肩关节评分标准进行评价。结果随访时间1～3年，平均23个月。术后平均UCLA评分为（32．3±t2．3）分。手术前后疼痛评分平均为（2．6±t0．9）分和（8．6±1．4）分（P=0．000），功能评分平均为（5．0±1．8）分和（9．1±1．0）分（P=0．000），肩关节主动前屈评分平均为（3．6±1.5）分和（4．9±10.3）分（P=0．000），前屈肌力评分平均为（4．0±0．6）分和（4．7±0．5）分（P=0．000），差异均有统计学意义。优8例、良17例，所有患者均对手术效果表示满意。结论关节镜下肩袖缝合术是治疗肩袖撕裂的有效方法。术中应有效地控制出血，适度进行肩峰成形，正确识别撕裂的形状，充分松解粘连并采用恰当的缝合方式。手术创伤小、恢复快，其疗效可达到切开手术水平。     

高频超声及声触诊组织量化技术对男性肩袖损伤患者冈上肌腱的评价

目的:应用高频超声及声触诊组织量化技术(VTIQ)评价男性肩袖损伤患者冈上肌腱的变化。方法:收集50例确诊的肩袖损伤男性患者,分为A组(35~59岁)28例和B组(≥60岁)22例。患者均行常规检查及VTIQ检查,测量冈上肌腱的厚度及其近端、远端的剪切波速度(SWV)。结果:常规检查示B组双侧冈上肌腱厚度均大于A组(均P<0.05)。VTIQ技术得出B组双侧冈上肌腱远端及近端的SWV值均小于A组(均P<0.05),且2组双侧冈上肌腱远端的SWV值均大于近端(均P<0.05)。结论:高频超声常规检查及VTIQ技术能有效评估男性肩袖损伤患者冈上肌腱的二维形态学改变及SWV值变化,冈上肌腱随年龄增大逐步变厚,而SWV下降表明肌腱发生软化,可为临床治疗及康复训练提供参考价值。     

Economic comparison of methods of wound closure: wound closure strips vs. sutures and wound adhesives

Our objective was to review and assess the treatment of low-tension wounds and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of wound closure methods. We used a health economic model to estimate cost/closure of adhesive wound closure strips, tissue adhesives and sutures. The model incorporated cost-driving variables: application time, costs and the likelihood and costs of dehiscence and infection. The model was populated with variable estimates derived from the literature. Cost estimates and cosmetic results were compared. Parameter values were estimated using national healthcare and labour statistics. Sensitivity analyses were used to verify the results. Our analysis suggests that adhesive wound closure strips had the lowest average cost per laceration ($7.54), the lowest cost per infected laceration ($53.40) and the lowest cost per laceration with dehiscence ($25.40). The costs for sutures were $24.11, $69.91 and $41.91, respectively; the costs for tissue adhesives were $28.77, $74.68 and $46.68, respectively. The cosmetic outcome for all three treatments was equivalent. We conclude adhesive wound closure strips were both a cost-saving and a cost-effective alternative to sutures and tissue adhesives in the closure of low-tension lacerations.     

关节镜下修补半月板桶柄样撕裂的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨关节镜下修补半月板桶柄样撕裂的临床疗效.方法 关节镜下对61例63个桶柄样撕裂的半月板行修补手术,男38例,女23例;年龄16～47岁,平均27岁.内侧半月板后体部至前体部区域撕裂及外侧半月板胴肌腱前方区域撕裂采用标准的白内向外缝合技术;内侧半月板后角区域撕裂采用经两个后内侧入路的全关节内缝合技术;外侧半月板后角区域撕裂采用经前方关节镜入路的全关节内缝合技术.结果 61例63个半月板随访时间24～66个月,平均38个月.其中51例(53个半月板)行二次关节镜检.44个半月板(83%)完全愈合,5个半月板(9.4%)部分愈合,4个半月板(7.5%)不愈合.61例患者均进行临床评估,其中53例(87%)无临床症状,4例(6.5%)有部分临床症状,4例(6.5%)绞锁复发.总体评估:失效率为7.9%(5/63),成功率92.1%(包括完全愈合、部分愈合、无临床症状及部分临床症状者).结论 对于发生在红一红区或红一白区的半月板桶柄样撕裂,采用多种缝合技术进行牢靠的修补缝合,并且与前十字韧带重建同期进行,可以获得约92%的成功率.     

半月板桶柄样撕裂修补失效原因分析

目的 采用病例-对照研究方法对半月板桶柄样撕裂(bucket-handle tear,BHT)的修补失效原因进行回顾性分析.方法 2002年5月至2007年11月连续完成175例关节镜下BHT修补术,于术后平均23个月(11～66个月)对其中98例101个半月板进行二次关节镜手术探查.探查术中半月板愈合情况作为评价修补成功(完全愈合与部分愈合)或失效(不愈合)的指标.将患者按照不同的可能影响愈合的因素进行分组,分析组间失效率的差异.结果 半月板完全愈合77个(76.2%),部分愈合11个(10.9%),不愈合13个(12.9%).年龄>35岁与≤35岁的BHT失效率为25.0%(4/16)、10.6%(9/85)(χ~2=2.494,P>0.05);陈旧性(>8周)与急性(≤8周)BHT失效率为11.5%(9/78)、17.4%(4/23)(χ~2=0.543,P>0.05);内侧、外侧半月板BHT失效率为13.3%(12/90)、9.1%(1/11)(χ~2=0.157,P>0.05);红-红区与红-白区BHT失效率为15.0%(9/60)、9.8%(4/41)(χ~2=0.597,P>0.05);单独应用自内向外缝合、联合应用自内向外缝合及全关节内式缝合、单独应用全关节内式缝合三组BHT失效率分别为22.0%(9/41)、7.2%(4155)、0(0/5)(χ~2=5.290,P>0.05);有绞锁史与无绞锁史患者的BHT失效率为26.7%(8/30)、7.0%(5/71)(χ~2=7.242,P<0.05);二次探查时侧-侧差值≤2 mm、2～5 mm及≥5mm三组失效率为7.9%(7/89)、25.0%(1/4)、62.5%(3/8)(χ~2=20.084,P<0.05).BHT修补术总体失效率为12.9%.结论 术前有膝关节绞锁史及术后膝关节稳定性差的患者BHT修补失效率明显增高.     

下胫腓前韧带撕裂对胫距关节面生物力学的影响

目的:探讨下胫腓前韧带撕裂后,距骨滑车上关节面压力与其分布的面积变化情况,为临床治疗下胫腓前韧带撕裂提供依据。方法:取6具成人新鲜踝关节标本,男4具,女2具;年龄25～60岁,平均44.6岁。将踝关节标本去除皮肤、肌肉等软组织,保留踝关节囊、内外侧韧带及下胫腓联合韧带。用特制夹具将踝关节固定于中立位,分别用压敏片测量在700N轴向负荷下,每个下胫腓前韧带完整的踝关节(控制组)与下胫腓前韧带撕裂的踝关节(断裂组)距骨滑车上关节面的平均压强、压强峰值及应力分布面积并进行统计分析。结果:控制组与断裂组应力分布面积分别为(367.8±54.0)mm2和(386.0±53.7)mm2;压强分别为(1.40±0.12)MPa和(1.70±0.35)MPa;压强峰值分别为(2.60±0.33)MPa和(3.20±0.32)MPa。从实验结果看,下胫腓前韧带断裂后,应力分布面积变化不显著(t=0.021,P=0.983),应力分布发生改变,应力集中区域向后外侧转移,平均压强(t=4.140,P=0.020)及压强峰值增加(t=3.169,P=0.010)。结论:下胫腓前韧带断裂时,距骨外旋,其滑车上关节面平均压强、压强峰值及应力分布发生变化,可能会导致创伤性关节炎,应该手术治疗,恢复其正常解剖关系。     

肩袖关节侧部分撕裂的手术方式及疗效分析

目的探讨和分析关节镜下修补肩袖关节侧部分撕裂(PASTA)的手术方法,包括穿肌腱修补法和转全层修补法治疗Ellman 3级肩袖关节侧部分撕裂的疗效及优缺点。 方法本次回顾性研究,分析了2015年3月至2017年6月期间因肩袖关节侧部分撕裂于南京医科大学第一附属医院骨科行手术治疗的全部患者,肩袖撕裂程度Ellman 3级(排除Ellman 1级和2级)的病例纳入本次研究,共42例。术中关节镜下根据滑囊侧残留肩袖组织的完整性、质地和张力等情况进行评估后,按手术修补方式分为穿肌腱修补组(肌腱组)20例,和转全层修补组(全层组)22例。肌腱组患者术中保留滑囊侧残留的肩袖组织,采用穿肌腱法修补肩袖;全层组患者术中清除滑囊侧残留的肩袖组织,直接转为全层撕裂,然后进行单排固定修补肩袖。术前、术后24 h及末次随访时对所有入组患者采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)进行疼痛评估。术前及术后末次随访时采用Constant-Murley肩关节评分(CSS)及洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学评分(UCLA)对所有入组患者进行肩关节功能评估。对比分析两组患者术后疗效及并发症发生情况,计数资料(性别、优势手和肩部外伤史等)采用χ²检验,同一组内术前术后计量资料对比采用配对t检验。 结果42例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～30个月,平均(16±7)个月。两组患者术后24 h及末次随访时VAS评分均较术前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。平均CSS评分从术前的(49.6±5.5)、(51.3±5.2)分别增加至(84.2±7.2)、(82.6±6.5),平均UCLA评分从术前的(18.4±3.2)、(17.7±2.3)分别增加至(32.1±2.2)、(31.2±2.2),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术后24 h时疼痛评分对比存在差异,具有统计学意义(t＝2.8, P<0.05)。比较两组患者末次随访时的疼痛评分及肩关节功能评分,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访期间所有患者均未发生严重的术后并发症。 结论对于Ellman 3级的肩袖关节侧部分撕裂,关节镜下穿肌腱修补法和转全层修补法均可获得较满意的疗效,而穿肌腱修补法可以保留滑囊侧的肩袖组织,足印区的修补更加符合解剖基础,从而达到更好的腱骨愈合。在两种手术方法均可以熟练掌握的前提下,穿肌腱修补是更为理想的手术方式。     

Diagnosis of bursal‐side partial‐thickness rotator cuff tears

Objective: To study the clinical features and diagnosis of bursal‐side partial‐thickness rotator cuff tears. Methods: From August 1999 to June 2006, 38 patients with bursal‐side partial‐thickness rotator cuff tear were evaluated. Twenty‐eight men and ten women of average age 45.7 years (range, 18–69 years) with 11 left and 27 right shoulders were studied. According to the Ellman classification, 6 cases were classified as grade I, 7 as II and 25 as III. Physical and X‐ray examination, including anteroposterior and supraspinatus outlet views, were performed on both shoulders of all patients. Ultrasonography and MR examination were performed in 27 and 35 patients, respectively. Thirteen patients underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression and debridement of the rotator cuff. Twenty five patients underwent arthroscopic or mini‐open subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair. Results: All patients had shoulder pain, with 18 cases of night pain. No statistical difference in the incidence of night pain was found between the three groups. Strength of forward flexion and abduction of the affected shoulder was decreased in 25 patients. The Neer impingement sign was found in 35 cases (92.1%), Hawkins impingement sign in 27 (71.1%), tenderness of the greater tuberosity in 34 (89.5%), painful arc in 26 (68.4%), and traction test in 26 (68.4%). The positive rates for ultrasonography and MR were 48.1% and 74.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Long‐standing motion pain, impingement sign, painful arc, lock and crepitus in the subacromial space are suggestive of bursal‐side tears. MRI is much more accurate than ultrasonography. Fat‐suppressed T2‐weighted images must be included. Arthroscopy is still the gold standard for making the diagnosis.     

Comparing lignocaine-adrenaline-tetracaine gel with lignocaine infiltration for anesthesia during repair of lacerations: A randomized trial

BACKGROUND:

This study aimed to compare the topical anesthetic lignocaine, adrenaline, and tetracaine (LAT) (4% lignocaine, 1:2 000 adrenaline, 1% tetracaine) with the conventional lignocaine infiltration(LI) for repair of minor lacerations, for the comfort of anesthetic administration, efficacy, adverse effects and cost.

METHODS:

This was a prospective randomized clinical trial. Forty Asian patients who required toilet and suture for minor lacerations in the emergency department of the Singapore General Hospital over a 4-month period. The patients were assigned randomly to 2 arms of treatment. The first was the LAT gel group who had LAT gel applied to the laceration prior to suturing. The second was the control group in whom the anesthetic administered was lignocaine infiltration (LI) via a syringe. The pain of the process of administering anesthetic and efficacy of anesthesia were scored using the visual pain scale included within. The efficacy of LAT vs. lignocaine infiltration as an anesthetic prior to the toilet and suture of minor lacerations and complications of therapy.

RESULTS:

Twenty patients were randomized to LAT gel and 16 to LI on an intention to treat analysis. The mean pain score by patients in the LAT gel group was 2.5 (0.52 SE), and 2.5 (0.58 SE) in the LI group. The pain score for pain during application of the anesthetic was 1.5 (0.40) in the LAT gel group, and 3.5 (0.46) in the LI group. There was no difference in complications between the LAT and LI groups

CONCLUSION:

LAT gel prior to the toilet and suture of minor lacerations is proven to be as efficacious as LI in terms of patient comfort and effectiveness of anesthesia. The complications are also comparable to those treated with LI.KEY WORDS: Lignocaine infiltration, Lacerations, Emergency department, Pain score