Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence

This systematic review aims to summarize cognitive reserve (CR) evaluation approaches and to examine the role of seven selected modifiable lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, cognitive leisure activity, sleep, and meditation) in mitigating the impacts of age- or disease-related brain changes on cognition. Eighteen population-based English empirical studies were included. We summarize the study designs and identify three CR models that were broadly used in these studies, including a residual model assessing lifestyle factors in relation to unexplained variance in cognition after accounting for brain markers, a moderation model testing whether lifestyle factors moderate the relationship between brain status and cognition, and a controlling model examining the associations between lifestyle factors and cognition when controlling for brain measures. We also present the findings for the impact of each lifestyle factor. No studies examined diet, sleep, or meditation, and only two studies focused on smoking and alcohol consumption each. Overall, the studies suggest lifestyle activity factors (physical and cognitive leisure activities) may contribute to CR and attenuate the damaging impact of brain changes on cognition. Standardized measurements of lifestyle factors and CR are needed, and mechanisms underlying CR need to be further addressed as well.     

Memory related molecular signatures: The pivots for memory consolidation and Alzheimer's related memory decline

Age-related cognitive decline is the major cause of concern due to its 70% more incidence than dementia cases worldwide. Moreover, aging is also the major risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with progressive memory loss. Approx. 13 million people will have Alzheimer-related memory decline by 2050. Learning and memory is the fundamental process of brain functions. However, the mechanism for the same is still under investigation. Thus, it is critical to understand the process of memory consolidation in the brain and extrapolate its understanding to the memory decline mechanism. Research on learning and memory has identified several molecular signatures such as Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) crucial for the maintenance and stabilization of long-term memory in the brain. Interestingly, memory decline in AD has also been linked to the abnormality in expressing these memory-related molecular signatures. Hence, in the present consolidated review, we explored the role of these memory-related molecular signatures in long-term memory consolidation. Additionally, the effect of amyloid-beta toxicity on these molecular signatures is discussed in detail.     

广泛性焦虑障碍住院患者与健康对照者的认知功能比较研究

背景 广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）是常见的慢性精神疾病，常伴有不同程度的认知功能损害，严重影响患者的生活质量及社会功能。 目的 比较GAD住院患者与健康对照者认知功能的差异。 方法 选取2018年8月至2020年1月在南方医科大学南方医院住院治疗的GAD患者为GAD组（n=30），同期通过广告在南方医科大学南方医院住院患者陪护人员中招募年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者为健康对照组（n=30）。使用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和Beck自杀意念量表中文版（BSI-CV）进行心理测评，采用精神运动警觉性任务（PVT）、Go/No-go联想任务、N-back任务分别评估认知功能的注意、抑制及工作记忆功能。比较两组一般情况、量表测评总分及认知功能差异，进一步采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究GAD住院患者和健康对照者的认知功能差异。 结果 GAD组HAMA、HAMD总分和最严重情况时BSI-CV总分及最严重情况时存在自杀意念者所占比例高于健康对照组（P<0.05）。N-back任务：GAD组1-back击中目标率（NBACK1a）、2-back击中目标率（NBACK2a）低于健康对照组，1-back击中目标的平均反应时（NBACK1b）长于健康对照组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，NBACK1a〔OR=0.946，95%CI（0.898，0.997），P=0.038〕、NBACK1b〔OR=1.007，95%CI（1.000，1.014），P=0.042〕是GAD的影响因素。 结论 与健康对照者相比，GAD住院患者的工作记忆较差，需要临床关注。     

认知重构干预对急性心肌梗死介入手术患者不良情绪及疾病感知的影响

目的探讨认知重构干预对急性心肌梗死(AMI)介入手术患者不良情绪及疾病感知的影响。方法72例AMI介入手术患者随机分为两组各36例,对照组给予常规护理干预,研究组在对照组基础上给予认知重构干预,比较两组的不良情绪、疾病感知以及治疗依从性。结果干预后,研究组的HAMA、HAMD评分均低于对照组,疾病感知各项评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组的治疗依从性为94.44%,高于对照组的75.00%(P<0.05)。结论认知重构干预对急性心肌梗死介入手术患者的不良情绪及疾病感知均有积极的影响,可提升患者的治疗依从性。     

Social cognitive correlates of device-measured and self-reported physical activity in Black and White individuals with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundThere is increasing research interest regarding physical activity behavior among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet there is little known about physical activity and its correlates in Black persons with MS.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study assessed associations among social cognitive theory (SCT) variables and device-measured and self-reported physical activity in samples of Black and White persons with MS.MethodsParticipants included 67 Black and 141 White persons with MS who wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on a belt around the waist measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for seven days and completed a battery of questionnaires. Questionnaires included demographic and clinical characteristics, leisure-time exercise, exercise self-efficacy, overcoming barriers self-efficacy, function, social support, exercise outcome expectations, and goal setting and planning.ResultsBlack participants with MS engaged in significantly less MVPA, but not sedentary behavior or light physical activity, than the White participants with MS. Black participants further had significantly lower levels of exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations than the White sample. All SCT correlates were significantly correlated with self-reported physical activity, but only exercise and barriers self-efficacy, perceived function, and exercise goal setting were associated with device-measured MVPA. The difference in physical activity between Black and White participants with MS was accounted for by differences in exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations.ConclusionsResearchers should consider developing behavioral interventions that target exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations as SCT variables for increasing physical activity in Black persons with MS.     

我国老年人认知水平变化轨迹及其分化

目的 探究影响我国老年人认知水平的变化趋势，分离出年龄、队列效应。方法 基于CLHLS（2002—2018）多重队列追踪数据，以Stata16.0软件为工具，运用分层生长曲线模型进行统计分析。结果 本研究发现，个体行为生活方式、社会经济地位、性别、慢性病数量对认知水平均具有统计学意义；年龄、队列对认知水平的变化具有独立效应；随着年龄的增长，我国老年人认知水平下降，认知水平的城乡、性别差异明显；较年轻出生队列的老年人认知水平较好，认知水平的城乡差异随着队列的年轻化而变大，性别差异在较年轻队列有略微缩小的趋势。结论 影响认知水平因素复杂，认知障碍会增加医疗成本及照护负担，因此需准确把握老年认知水平的变化规律与作用路径，从而为卫生服务、养老保障、长期医疗照护的资源配置提供科学依据。     

重症肌无力患者认知功能特征

目的探讨重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者的认知功能特征。方法纳入83例MG患者和39例健康对照者,应用简易智能状态检查量表(mini-mental status examination,MMSE)、加利福尼亚语言学习测验(California verbal learning test,CVLT)、简易视觉空间记忆测验(brief visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)、符号数字模式测验(symbol digit modalities test,SDMT)、Benton线方向判断测验(benton judgment of line orientation test,BJLOT)、定步调听觉连续加法测验(paced auditory serial addition test,PASAT)、言语流畅性测验(verbal fluency test,VFT)进行认知功能评估,应用贝克抑郁测验(Beck depression inventory,BDI)评估抑郁状态,对两组资料进行对比分析,并进一步评估疾病分型、合并症情况、病程、疾病严重程度、药物治疗情况等临床特征对MG组认知损害的影响。结果MG组MMSE[28(26,29)分,29(28,30)分]、CVLT、BVMT-R、SDMT[(37.06±12.18)分,(47.54±14.91)分]、PASAT[(32.86±10.23)分,(37.00±8.82)分]评分低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组间BJLOT、VFT、BDI评分差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示重症肌无力患者疾病严重程度定量评分(quantitative MG score,QMG)与SDMT得分存在负相关(r=-0.234,P<0.05);MG日常生活质量量表(MG-activities of daily living profile,MG-ADL)评分与BVMT-R 3试总和得分存在负相关(r=-0.283,P<0.05)。结论重症肌无力存在认知功能损害,主要表现在记忆力、注意力、信息处理速度、视觉记忆,提示重症肌无力可能存在中枢神经系统受累。部分认知领域的损害可能与疾病严重程度相关。临床医生在工作中应加强对MG患者认知障碍的认识,早期评估,密切随访,适当干预。     

温阳通脉方联合抗抑郁药及认知行为干预对恐惧性姿势性眩晕患者的临床研究

目的:探讨温阳通脉方联合抗抑郁药及认知行为干预治疗恐惧性姿势性眩晕(PPV)的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年6月至2017年6月新乡医学院第一附属医院收治的PPV患者78例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组39例,对照组采用抗抑郁药及认知行为干预治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予温阳通脉汤加减治疗,连续治疗4周,随访6个月。治疗前后采用国际眩晕评分量表(DHI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定患者的临床症状及心理状态改善情况,检测并比较2组治疗前后凝血功能指标变化,统计2组临床疗效及随访期间复发情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床总有效率89. 74%,明显高于对照组的69. 23%(P 0. 05)。治疗后2组躯体症状评分、心理因子评分、社会功能评分、DHI总分、HAMD评分及HAMA评分均较治疗前明显下降(P 0. 01),且观察组各项评分均低于对照组(P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。治疗后对照组各项凝血功能指标无明显变化(P 0. 05),观察组PT、APTT明显延长,且长于对照组,FIB及D-D水平明显降低,且低于对照组(P 0. 01)。随访期间,观察组、对照组复发率分别为12. 82%、17. 95%,2组间复发率差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)结论:PPV患者在抗抑郁药及认知行为干预的基础上应用温阳通脉方治疗效果显著,不仅有效降低患者各种负面情绪,同时改善了血液高凝状态及眩晕症状,具有一定的临床推广价值。     

Cognitive functions and psychological symptoms in migraine: a study on patients with and without aura

Aim: Migraine is neurological disorder with a complex pathophysiology. We described the neuropsychological profile of 100 migraineurs (50 with visual aura and 50 without aura), in interictal phase, compared to 50 matched healthy controls.

Materials and methods: A battery of standardized neuropsychological tests was used to assess attention, memory and executive functions. Beck Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety were used to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms. Severity of disability during daily activities was assessed by Migraine Disability Assessment.

Results: Migraine without aura showed a significant difference in comparison to healthy controls in semantic verbal fluency (p?=?0.02), delayed memory (p?<?0.001) and set-shifting (p?<?0.001). Migraine with aura showed a significant difference in delayed memory (p?=?0.001) and set-shifting (p?=?0.005) if compared to healthy controls. No significant correlation between cognitive functions and mood was found (HAM-A p?=?0.67) (BDI-II p?=?0.42).

Conclusions: Our data showed isolate and specific cognitive deficit during interictal phase in migraine patients. Future studies are need to identify if specific migraine characteristics may affect cognitive functions.