Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey;2. Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey;3. Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey;4. Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey;5. Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey;1. Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA;2. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA;3. Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA;4. Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;5. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;6. Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA;1. Department of Sociology & Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA;2. Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA;3. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences & Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA |
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| Abstract: | This systematic review aims to summarize cognitive reserve (CR) evaluation approaches and to examine the role of seven selected modifiable lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, cognitive leisure activity, sleep, and meditation) in mitigating the impacts of age- or disease-related brain changes on cognition. Eighteen population-based English empirical studies were included. We summarize the study designs and identify three CR models that were broadly used in these studies, including a residual model assessing lifestyle factors in relation to unexplained variance in cognition after accounting for brain markers, a moderation model testing whether lifestyle factors moderate the relationship between brain status and cognition, and a controlling model examining the associations between lifestyle factors and cognition when controlling for brain measures. We also present the findings for the impact of each lifestyle factor. No studies examined diet, sleep, or meditation, and only two studies focused on smoking and alcohol consumption each. Overall, the studies suggest lifestyle activity factors (physical and cognitive leisure activities) may contribute to CR and attenuate the damaging impact of brain changes on cognition. Standardized measurements of lifestyle factors and CR are needed, and mechanisms underlying CR need to be further addressed as well. |
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| Keywords: | Cognitive reserve Modifiable lifestyle factors Brain markers Cognition |
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