我国东、中、西三省六县农村居民体力活动状况及影响因素分析

目的 调查中国农村居民的体力活动状况及其影响因素。方法 采用国际体力活动短问卷对分别代表中国东、中、西部的山东省、山西省和云南省3个省一共6个县的3 834名15岁以上农村居民的体力活动状况进行调查。结果 调查获得有效问卷3 780份，其中山东省1 251人（33.1%），山西省1 256人（33.2%），云南省1 273人（33.7%）。男性1 867人（49.4%），女性1 913人（50.6%）。农村居民高、中、低水平体力活动人数分别为1 691人（44.7%）、1 248人（33%）、841人（22.3%）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示，性别、年龄、职业、是否患慢性病以及地区是体力活动的影响因素。其中，男性（OR = 0.832,95%CI: 0.704～0.985）、年龄36～59岁的人群（OR = 0.760,95%CI: 0.625～0.925）为农村居民体力活动的保护因素；机关、企事业单位及离退休人员（OR = 1.469,95%CI: 1.017～2.124）、在校学生（OR = 1.925,95%CI: 1.127～3.286）、失业、无业人员（OR = 3.062,95%CI: 2.470～3.796）、患慢性病的人群(OR = 1.366,95%CI:1.133～1.645)为农村居民体力活动不足的危险因素。结论 女性、老年人、机关、企事业单位及离退休人员、在校学生、失业、无业人员、患慢性病的人群发生体力活动不足的可能性更高，针对中国不同地区农村居民体力活动的干预，应重点关注此类人群。     

Strengthening nursing and midwifery capacity in rural New South Wales,Australia

A small rural health service and two university schools of nursing joined forces to establish a rural clinical school to advance clinical education and research. The collaboration, while in its infancy, has given rise to outcomes that strength the capacity of nursing and midwifery services in the community.     

Norovirus prevalence and estimated viral load in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from rural communities of Vhembe district,South Africa

BackgroundHuman Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as a major etiological agent of sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide.ObjectivesThis study describes the clinical features associated with Human NoV occurrence in children and determines the prevalence and estimated viral burden of NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in rural South Africa.Study designBetween July 2014 and April 2015, outpatient children under 5 years of age from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa, were enrolled for the study. A total of 303 stool specimens were collected from those with diarrhea (n = 253) and without (n = 50) diarrhea. NoVs were identified using real-time one-step RT-PCR.ResultsOne hundred and four (41.1%) NoVs were detected (62[59.6%] GII, 16[15.4%] GI, and 26[25%] mixed GI/GII) in cases and 18 (36%) including 9(50%) GII, 2(11.1%) GI and 7(38.9%) mixed GI/GII in controls. NoV detection rates in symptomatic and asymptomatic children (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 0.66⿿2.33) were not significantly different. Comparison of the median C_T values for NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children revealed significant statistical difference of estimated GII viral load from both groups, with a much higher viral burden in symptomatic children.ConclusionsThough not proven predictive of diarrhea disease in this study, the high detection rate of NoV reflects the substantial exposure of children from rural communities to enteric pathogens possibly due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The results suggest that the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic children with NoV may be at the level of the viral load of NoV genogroups involved.     

Birth preparedness and place of birth in rural Mysore,India: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundIndia accounts for almost a third of the global deaths among newborns on their first day of birth. In spite of making significant progress in increasing institutional births, large numbers of rural Indian women are still electing to give birth at home. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with place of birth among women who had recently given birth in rural Mysore, India.MethodsBetween January 2009 and 2011, 1675 rural pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Mysore District completed interviewer-administered questionnaires on maternity care services. Ethical approval of the original study was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of Vikram Hospital and Florida International University. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with place of birth among the 1654 (99%) women that were successfully followed up after childbirth.FindingsThe median age of the women was 20 years; the majority were educated (87%), low-income (52%), and multiparous (56%). The prevalence of home births was low (4%). Half of the women giving birth at home did not adequately plan for transportation (55%), finances (48%), or birthing with a skilled provider (55%). Multiparous women had greater odds of giving birth at home compared to public (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=7.83, p<0.001) and private institutions (AOR=7.05, p<0.001). Women attending ≥4 antenatal consultations had greater odds of giving birth at public (AOR=2.53, p=0.036) and private institutions (AOR=3.58, p=0.010). Those with higher scores of birth preparedness also had greater odds of giving birth at public (AOR=2.53, p<0.001) and private institutions (AOR=3.00, p<0.001).Conclusions and implicationsAs a means to reduce newborn mortality, maternal health interventions in India and similar populations should focus on increasing birth preparedness and institutional births among rural women, particularly among those from lower socio-economic status.     

Impact of an educational intervention in primary care on fasting blood glucose levels and diabetes knowledge among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural China

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of an educational intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in primary care in rural China, on fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and diabetes knowledge.MethodsPatients with T2DM (n = 1,589) in 18 township health centres in three counties in Jiangsu Province were randomly divided into an intervention group receiving educational intervention and follow-up visits, and a control group with standard care. Questionnaires and medical records, including FBG level and diabetes knowledge score, were compared, at baseline and follow-up. Propensity score matching and Difference-in-Difference analysis were used.ResultsThe FBG level decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group, DID=−0.53 mmol/l, (CI95 % −0.90 to −0.16). The diabetes knowledge score increased significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group, DID = 0.91, (CI95 % 0.64–1.18). The FBG level and diabetes knowledge score improved significantly in the intervention group in all counties.ConclusionsThe educational intervention and increased collaboration between hospitals and primary care improved the FBG level and diabetes knowledge score in the intervention group compared to the control group after one year.Practice implicationsEducational intervention and increased collaboration between hospitals and primary care may improve diabetes care in rural China.     

2018年延安市农村妇女宫颈癌相关知识认知调查

目的 为延安市农村妇女宫颈癌的综合防治提供科学依据。方法 于2018年1至3月按经济富裕和落后分别随机抽取一个县,其中宜川县随机抽取9个乡镇295名农村妇女,吴起县随机抽取3个乡镇200名农村妇女;自编宫颈癌相关知识认知量表,共33个条目,包括:基本情况、宫颈癌认知、HPV的认知、妇科筛查及认知等,由经过培训的医学专业人员入户一对一进行调查。结果 延安市农村妇女对宫颈癌的认知得分较低,对宫颈癌相关认知的知晓率为19.6%～82.4%,对HPV的知晓率为6.1%～32.5%,13%的女性认为妇科检查不重要,14%以上的女性未做过妇科检查,不同经济状况、不同职业、不同文化程度认知率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.054、10.797、25.135、39.976、54.849、5.613、15.619、19.997、103.617,均P＜0.05)。结论 延安市农村女性宫颈癌的认知度很低,健康教育和定期筛查是最有效的措施。     

Multiple impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the aged in rural Uganda

This paper reports research conducted among theaged residents of a rural, Southwestern Ugandanvillage. It documents their knowledge ofHIV/AIDS, their perceptions of their own riskof infection, and the multiple impacts of thecurrent HIV/AIDS epidemic on their lives. Mostolder individuals have a sound understanding ofthe sexual transmission of HIV, and someconsider themselves to be at risk of infectionthrough having multiple sexual partners. Theyattempt to limit their children's exposure toHIV, but many of these children have left thevillage to live in urban areas of relativelyhigh HIV prevalence. The loss of adult childrendeprives the aged of any support these childrenmight have provided as their parents'capabilities declined with advancing age.Female-headed households were more affected inthis way than were male-headed households. TheAIDS epidemic has increased the number ofburials taking place in the village, and theiraccumulated costs, both in time and money, andcreated new hardships for the aged, who alsohave to cope with grief that accompaniescontinuing deaths among their children andtheir contemporaries' children.     

A review of the epidemiology of diabetes in rural India

Objective

To describe the extent of problem of diabetes in rural India based on review of available literature and examine the secular trends over a period of 15 years i.e. from 1994 to 2009.

Methods

A systematic search was performed using electronic as well as manual methods. Studies providing details of sample size, age group of participants, criteria used for diagnosis, along with the prevalence of any of the three outcomes of interest i.e. diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), were included.

Results

Analysis of secular trends reveals an increase in diabetes prevalence among rural population at a rate of 2.02 per 1000 population per year. The rate of increase was high in males (3.33 per 1000 per year) as compared to females (0.88 per 1000 per year). High prevalence of IFG and IGT has been observed in southern and northern parts of the country.

Conclusion

The prevalence of diabetes is rising in rural India. There is a large pool of subjects with IFG and IGT at high risk of conversion to overt diabetes. Population-level and individual-level measures are needed to combat this increasing burden of diabetes.     

中国农村地区AIDS临床发病特点及应对策略

目的　提高对农村地区艾滋病 (AIDS)临床发病特点的认识。方法　对农村地区 10多个村庄的有偿供血员中近 10 0 0名艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /AIDS患者的临床特点进行实地调查分析。结果　 (1)临床特点呈现高发病率、高丙型肝炎 (丙肝 )病毒 (HCV)感染率和高母婴传播率 ,低乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒 (HBV)感染率 (三高一低 ) ;临床表现为发热、腹泻、口腔霉菌感染 (口腔溃疡 )、皮疹四大主症。 (2 )同一时间对 5 0 0例患者进行免疫功能调查显示 :CD+ 4 >5 0 0 / μl 90例 (18% ) ,CD+ 4 2 0 0～ 5 0 0 / μl 2 89例 (5 7 8% ) ,CD+ 4 <2 0 0 / μl 12 1例 (2 4 2 % )。 结论　中国农村地区HIV/AIDS目前正处于发病高峰时期 ,发病速度为 2 4 2 % ;三高一低 ,四大主症是农村地区AIDS患者的主要临床特点 ;尽快为农村地区的AIDS患者提供医疗支持是当前最为紧迫的任务 ;积极、稳妥、持续、科学的医疗支持策略将是农村地区AIDS临床工作顺利开展的可靠保障。     

河北省农村人群肠道蠕虫感染调查

目的 了解河北省农村人群肠道蠕虫的感染现状，为今后寄生虫病的防治提供科学依据。方法 选择6个县15个1990年全国人体寄生虫分布调查中签点，按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查方案和实施细则》的要求和方法，于2002年进行人体肠道蠕虫感染状况的调查。结果15个调查点粪检7316人，共检出5种肠道蠕虫虫卵，其中蛔虫感染117例，感染率1．60％；鞭虫感染7例，感染率0．10％；钩虫感染4例，感染率0．05％；东方毛圆线虫感染3例，感染率0．04％；粪便检出蛲虫卵4例。采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查683名12岁以下儿童，检出蛲虫感染134例，感染率19，62％。结论 本次调查结果与第一次人体寄生虫分布调查相比，蛔虫感染率下降幅度最大，下降了94．97％，鞭虫和钩虫也有较大幅度下降，但12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染率仍为19．62％，仅下降了26．43％，说明目前河北省12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染仍然比较严重，今后应加强儿童的蛲虫病防治工作。