全国农村改厕产业市场化现状调查

目的了解目前我国改厕产业总体运行状况和市场化发展程度,掌握改厕产品市场供需现状,评估我国农村改厕产业的状况,为政府制定推进农村改厕工作的相关政策、措施提供依据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,在全国范围内组织开展农村改厕企业运行、改厕产品的生产、营销状况调研,了解产业存在的问题和企业自身发展需求,收集相关数据资料。结果农村改厕企业规模以中、小型企业为主;62.5%(10/16)的企业是兼营改厕产品企业,改厕产品以双瓮化粪池或三格化粪池为主;92.3%(12/13)的企业销售模式是政府、工程订购;企业研发能力薄弱,研发经费紧张,技术能力欠缺是主要原因。结论农村改厕产业的市场化尚处于初始阶段,政府行为依然是影响改厕产业发展的主要因素;改厕企业在开拓、维护产品市场方面的能力不足;改厕产业的市场化需要政府在政策、技术、资金等方面的支持;我国农村改厕的巨大市场需求为改厕产业的发展提供了前所未有的机遇。     

A Group Randomized Intervention Trial Increases Participation in the School Breakfast Program in 16 Rural High Schools in Minnesota

BackgroundBreakfast consumption is associated with better diet quality and healthier weights, yet many adolescents miss breakfast. Nationally, 17.1% of students participate in the School Breakfast Program (SBP). Only 10% of high school students participate.ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate an environmental intervention to increase SBP participation in high schools.DesignA group randomized trial was carried out from 2012 to 2015.Participants/settingNinth- and 10th-grade students enrolled in 16 rural schools in Minnesota (median 387 students) were randomized to intervention or control condition.InterventionA school-based intervention that included two key components was implemented over a 12-month period. One component focused on increasing SBP participation by increasing student access to school breakfast through changes in school breakfast service practices (eg, serving breakfast from a grab-n-go cart in the atrium; expanding breakfast service times). The other component focused on promoting school breakfast through student-directed marketing campaigns.Main outcome measureChange in school-level participation in the SBP was assessed between baseline (among ninth and tenth graders) and follow-up (among tenth and eleventh graders). School meal and attendance records were used to assess change in school-level participation rates in the SBP.Statistical analysesThe Wilcoxon test was used for analysis of difference in change in mean SBP participation rate by experimental group.ResultsThe median change in SBP participation rate between baseline and follow-up was 3% (interquartile range=13.5%) among the eight schools in the intervention group and 0.5% (interquartile range=0.7%) among the eight schools in the control group. This difference in change between groups was statistically significant (Wilcoxon test, P=0.03). The intervention effect increased throughout the intervention period, with change in mean SBP participation rate by the end of the school year reaching 10.3% (95% CI 3.0 to 17.6). However, among the intervention schools, the change in mean SBP participation rates was highly variable (range=–0.8% to 24.8%).ConclusionsInterventions designed to improve access to the SBP by reducing environmental and social barriers have potential to increase participation among high school students.     

Reconceptualising risk: Perceptions of risk in rural and remote maternity service planning

Objectiveto explore perceptions and examples of risk related to pregnancy and childbirth in rural and remote Australia and how these influence the planning of maternity services.Designdata collection in this qualitative component of a mixed methods study included 88 semi-structured individual and group interviews (n=102), three focus groups (n=22) and one group information session (n=17). Researchers identified two categories of risk for exploration: health services risk (including clinical and corporate risks) and social risk (including cultural, emotional and financial risks). Data were aggregated and thematically analysed to identify perceptions and examples of risk related to each category.Settingfieldwork was conducted in four jurisdictions at nine sites in rural (n=3) and remote (n=6) Australia.Participants117 health service employees and 24 consumers.Measurements and findingsexamples and perceptions relating to each category of risk were identified from the data. Most medical practitioners and health service managers perceived clinical risks related to rural birthing services without access to caesarean section. Consumer participants were more likely to emphasise social risks arising from a lack of local birthing services.Key conclusionsour analysis demonstrated that the closure of services adds social risk, which exacerbates clinical risk. Analysis also highlighted that perceptions of clinical risk are privileged over social risk in decisions about rural and remote maternity service planning.Implications for practicea comprehensive analysis of risk that identifies how social and other forms of risk contribute to adverse clinical outcomes would benefit rural and remote people and their health services. Formal risk analyses should consider the risks associated with failure to provide birthing services in rural and remote communities as well as the risks of maintaining services.     

Black-fly assemblage distribution patterns in streams in disturbed areas in southern Brazil

Black flies (Simuliidae) are considered to be pests in rural and in some urban areas in the south of Brazil due to the bites of females. Little information exists on the factors that contribute to Simuliidae distribution in these areas. We sampled 39 streams in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in September 2004 to address ecological aspects. Of the 18 species collected, those that occurred in more than 50% of the streams were: Simulium subnigrum Lutz 1910, Simulium pertinax Kollar 1882, Simulium subpallidum Lutz 1910 and Simulium incrustatum Lutz 1910. Species richness was not influenced by any of the environmental or geographical variables considered, and there was no pattern of species co-occurrence, corroborating the hypothesis of a stochastic distribution of the Simuliidae assemblage. When analyzed individually, only three of seven species with occurrence frequency >30% were related to any of the variables measured. The probabilities of occurrence of Simulium jujuyense Paterson & Shannon 1927 and S. pertinax were higher in streams with high values of water pH and electrical conductivity, whereas the opposite was observed for S. incrustatum. Therefore, due to stochastic distribution, the population studies of Simuliidae are more suitable for predicting the occurrence of species in rural areas than are studies of assemblages.     

农村艾滋病预防与控制的思考

目的分析当前农村艾滋病的预防与控制情况。方法结合某区艾滋病控制过程中的具体措施,提出对应控制方法。结果通过强化农村艾滋病的预防控制,能够完善艾滋病防控体系,切实保障农村村民的身体健康利益。结论应对农村艾滋病传播需要有切实可行的控制预防措施,包括建立健全防控体系、强化宣传教育、完善管理、加大资金投入等。     

Structure of Drug Use and Drug Definition among Youth

Five thousand West-German soldiers anwered a questionnaire on personal drug use, evaluation of substances regarding their being drugs, and illness-value ascribed to heavy drug use. A partial correspondence between the structures of drug use and drug definition was found. Beer and wine consumption were clearly differentiated. Mentally, cannabis and hard liquor were placed on comparable levels. A wholesale approach to alcohol consumption, and exclusive categorization of cannabis as a fashion drug, lumped together with hallucinogens and opiates. seem unwarranted.     

2016—2020年泸州市农村集中式供水水质监测分析

目的 了解泸州市2016—2020年农村集中式供水卫生状况和变化趋势，为进一步提高制水和供水质量提供科学依据和参考意见。 方法 收集泸州市2016—2020年农村集中式供水监测数据，对照GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》对水质进行分析评价。结果 2016—2020年共检测农村水样2697份，总合格率为81.31%，呈上升趋势（χ2趋势=27.265，P<0.001）；不同处理方式、消毒方式、消毒设备使用和有无卫生许可证与水质合格率有关（P<0.05），不同供水方式、水期、水源类型和水样类型与水质合格率无关（P>0.05）；浑浊度、总大肠菌群、游离氯/二氧化氯、菌落总数、耗氧量等指标合格率相对较低；年份（P<0.001，OR=1.222）、消毒方式（P=0.002，OR=1.407）、消毒设备使用（P<0.001，OR=4.024）、卫生许可证（P<0.001，OR=2.001）和处理方式（P=0.028，OR=3.205）这5个变量与水质总体合格情况有关。结论 泸州市农村集中式供水卫生状况总体较好，近五年水质呈上升的趋势，微生物、消毒剂和浑浊度等是影响水质合格率的主要指标，卫生许可和监管、水处理和消毒设施是否完善和正确使用是重要因素，建议采取相应措施持续提升供水水质。     

陕西省汉中市农村居民高血压与家族史的相关性分析

目的 了解陕西省汉中市农村居民高血压患病情况，分析高血压患病与家族史的定量关系。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法，对汉中市农村居民进行高血压相关的问卷调查及身体测量，运用logistic回归模型分析家族史对高血压的影响。结果 共收集到2 817名18~80岁农村居民的完整资料，高血压粗患病率为33.7%。logistic回归分析显示，高血压家族史阳性者与阴性者相比，OR=2.06（95%CI：1.70~2.50）。一级亲属中高血压家族史的个体人数分别为1、2、3时其OR值（95%CI）分别为1.83（1.47~2.27）、2.94（2.09~4.13）、4.48（2.17~9.27）。女性人群中，父亲家族史阳性、母亲家族史阳性、父母家族史均为阳性时，OR值分别为2.50、1.61、2.82，均P<0.05。结论 家族史是高血压的危险因素，一级亲属中高血压家族史的个体人数与高血压患病呈剂量-反应关系，一级亲属中父亲、母亲高血压家族史可进一步影响高血压的发生。