大黄不同炮制品的HPLC指纹图谱比较研究

目的 对大黄不同炮制品进行HPLC指纹图谱的比较研究,为大黄不同炮制品的鉴别及炮制的作用机制提供依据。方法采用HPLC色谱法,色谱柱Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-0.05%磷酸梯度洗脱,检测波长280 nm,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL/min,以指纹图谱软件计算相似度,并进行图谱比较。结果大黄不同炮制品的HPLC指纹图谱共有峰特征明显,不同大黄炮制品间的成分差异显著。结论本法简便、快捷、重复性好,利用HPLC指纹图谱分析方法,可较全面的反映大黄不同炮制品的差异。     

Longitudinal study of fingerprint recognition

Human identification by fingerprints is based on the fundamental premise that ridge patterns from distinct fingers are different (uniqueness) and a fingerprint pattern does not change over time (persistence). Although the uniqueness of fingerprints has been investigated by developing statistical models to estimate the probability of error in comparing two random samples of fingerprints, the persistence of fingerprints has remained a general belief based on only a few case studies. In this study, fingerprint match (similarity) scores are analyzed by multilevel statistical models with covariates such as time interval between two fingerprints in comparison, subject’s age, and fingerprint image quality. Longitudinal fingerprint records of 15,597 subjects are sampled from an operational fingerprint database such that each individual has at least five 10-print records over a minimum time span of 5 y. In regard to the persistence of fingerprints, the longitudinal analysis on a single (right index) finger demonstrates that (i) genuine match scores tend to significantly decrease when time interval between two fingerprints in comparison increases, whereas the change in impostor match scores is negligible; and (ii) fingerprint recognition accuracy at operational settings, nevertheless, tends to be stable as the time interval increases up to 12 y, the maximum time span in the dataset. However, the uncertainty of temporal stability of fingerprint recognition accuracy becomes substantially large if either of the two fingerprints being compared is of poor quality. The conclusions drawn from 10-finger fusion analysis coincide with the conclusions from single-finger analysis.Friction ridge skin on fingers and palms has been purportedly known to be a physical characteristic of an individual that does not change over time (i.e., persistence or permanence of friction ridge pattern) and can be used as a person’s “seal” or “signature” (i.e., uniqueness or individuality of ridge pattern). Starting with the first known case where the latent fingerprints found at a crime scene in Argentina in 1893 were officially accepted as evidence to convict a suspect (1), friction ridge analysis has become one of the most crucial methods in crime scene investigations worldwide. The decision made in Frye v. United States in 1923 (2) was widely cited as the basis for the admissibility of forensic evidence, including friction ridge pattern; Frye standard states that a scientific principle or discovery that has gained a general acceptance in the relevant field is admissible in the courts.In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in 1993 (3), however, the general acceptance test of Frye was superseded by the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Daubert ruling established a guideline for admitting forensic evidence, which consists of the following factors: (i) empirical testing, (ii) peer review and publication, (iii) known or potential error rate, (iv) standards controlling the operation, and (v) the Frye standard of general acceptance. The Daubert standard provoked challenges to admissibility of friction ridge evidence in the courts. Although all of about 40 such challenges resulted in a decision that friction ridge analysis is acceptable as forensic evidence, the Daubert case highlighted a lack of scientific basis of persistence and uniqueness of fingerprints and standards that can be universally referred to in friction ridge analysis.Along with the development of standards and guidelines for friction ridge analysis (4) and retraining of latent examiners (5) as a result of the Daubert ruling, a body of research to demonstrate uniqueness and persistence of friction ridge patterns has emerged. Although the uniqueness of fingerprints has been studied by (i) estimating the probability of a random correspondence (i.e., two different fingerprints selected at random will be sufficiently similar to be claimed as a mate) (6–8) or (ii) measuring the evidential value^§ of latent fingerprint comparisons (9) (terminologies indicated with § are defined in SI Appendix, section S2), the persistence of fingerprints has been generally accepted based on anecdotal evidence, including case studies conducted by Herschel (10) and Galton (11) (SI Appendix, section S4), and the anatomical structure of friction ridge skin—the ridge pattern formed in the inner (dermal) layer during gestation remains unchanged with the protection of the outer (epidermal) layer (12).The persistence of fingerprints typically refers to the invariance of friction ridge pattern itself. However, the pertinent question of interest is whether the fingerprint recognition methodology (SI Appendix, section S3) maintains high recognition accuracy as the time interval between two fingerprints being compared increases. The 2009 National Research Council report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (13) pointed out, “Uniqueness and persistence are necessary conditions for friction ridge identification to be feasible, but those conditions do not imply that anyone can reliably discern whether or not two friction ridge impressions were made by the same person.” Fingerprint recognition exhibits two types of comparison errors: (i) false rejection: two impressions of the same finger (a genuine fingerprint pair) are declared as a nonmatch due to large “intrafinger” variability, and (ii) false acceptance: impressions from two distinct fingers (an impostor fingerprint pair) are declared as a match due to large “interfinger” similarity. The intrafinger variability is observed due to changes in intrinsic skin condition (e.g., finger skin dryness, cuts, and abrasions) and extrinsic acquisition process (e.g., finger pressure and placement), and sensing technology (e.g., interoperability among various fingerprint sensors). The interfinger similarity is observed when the ridge patterns from two distinct fingers coincide partially.The biometric recognition literature has reported a phenomenon called template aging, which refers to an increase in the error rate in biometric recognition with respect to the time gap between a query and a template (or reference) (14). A study comparing groups of fingerprint pairs with respect to time gap reported that the fingerprint comparisons with less than a 5-y time gap show lower error rate than comparisons with a larger time gap (15). However, cross-sectional analysis used in ref. 15 is valid only if the longitudinal data^§ are balanced^§ and time structured^§; this condition is not typically satisfied in most biometrics data, including the dataset used in ref. 15. Longitudinal studies on fingerprint, face, and iris biometrics published in the literature are summarized in SI Appendix, section S4.     

甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定研究

目的 建立甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定方法。方法 采用HPLC建立甘草浸膏的指纹图谱,并通过中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统对13家企业的35批次样品进行相似度评价;以甘草苷、芹糖异甘草苷、异甘草苷、新异甘草苷、甘草查尔酮B和甘草酸6种成分为指标,采用Boston Green ODS色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,建立了甘草浸膏的多指标HPLC含量测定方法。结果 建立了甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱,标定了22个共有峰,并指认了其中10个共有峰,35批样品相似度均>0.96,说明各批次甘草浸膏有较好的一致性;建立了6种指标成分含量测定方法,方法学考察符合规定。结论 本实验所建立的方法准确、简便、重复性好,可用于全面评价甘草浸膏的质量。     

广西山绿茶药材HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立山绿茶药材HPLC指纹图谱分析方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×150mm),乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长340nm,柱温30℃,使用"计算机辅助相似度评价软件"进行数据处理。结果:建立了山绿茶药材的HPLC指纹图谱,以芦丁为参照峰,确立了山绿茶药材指纹图谱中的12个共有峰。结论:所建立的指纹图谱有较强的针对性,为山绿茶的研究开发以及制定山绿茶的质量标准提供了科学依据。     

一起霍乱疫情分子流行病学溯源分析

目的分析大连市2004年外环境中和1起霍乱疫情中不同来源的霍乱弧菌之间的遗传相关性。方法选择2004年暴发,散发的22株稻叶型霍乱代表菌株,先做噬菌体-生物分型和PCR技术检测CT毒素基因后,再进行PFGE分型研究。结果分离患者的霍乱菌株都为稻叶1b型,CT阳性。分离自暴发地区外环境的霍乱菌株也为稻叶1b型,CT阳性。但市内外环境的霍乱菌株都为非流行株,CT检测阴性。所试22株霍乱菌株PFGE分型共2大亚类3种带型。其中从开发区疫点所获得的人源菌株在PFGE图谱上带型相同,为2型;分离自散发病例的菌株在PFGE图谱上同优势2型之间相互略有差异,相似度为97.1%;分离自暴发地区自备水的霍乱菌株PFGE带型同样为2型,而来自市内外环境的霍乱菌株PFGE带型都为3型,同优势2带型有很大差异。结论霍乱流行期间分离于患者和疫点自备水的霍乱弧菌PFGE图谱基本一致,与外环境分离的非流行株关系较远。     

指纹识别的身份认证在手术室门控管理中的应用

目的探讨指纹识别技术在手术室门控管理中的应用方法与效果。方法在手术室工作人员通道门口安装指纹门禁系统,需出入手术室的工作人员进行指纹注册,凭指纹识别的身份认证进入手术室。结果减少了手术室的人员流动人次,降低了手术切口感染率;节省了人力;保障了手术室安全。结论指纹识别的身份认证在手术室门控管理的应用,是安全、简便、智能化进行手术室门控管理的有效措施。     

葛根总黄酮提取工艺优化研究

目的优选葛根总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。方法以乙醇为提取溶剂,正交试验L9（3^4）设计对提取溶剂浓度,提取时间和料液比进行考察;选用特征峰图谱方法所测得的特征峰面积总和、葛根素转移率和固体含量作为评价指标,计算综合得分,以最终得分确定葛根总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。结果影响葛根总黄酮提取的主要因素是溶剂浓度,其次是提取时间,再次是料液比,最佳提取工艺为A2B3C2D2,即,乙醇浓度70%,提取时间3 h,提取次数2次,料液比为1∶8。结论验证试验表明最佳工艺下总黄酮提取率稳定,提取率高,提取工艺合理可行。     

HPLC同时测定芜菁子药材中槲皮素和山奈酚含量及其指纹图谱的研究

目的 建立芜菁子药材中槲皮素和山奈酚定量测定方法及芜菁子中黄酮类化合物的指纹图谱,为芜菁子质量控制提供依据。方法 采用HPLC测定芜菁子药材中槲皮素和山奈酚的含量及建立芜菁子指纹图谱,色谱条件为ODS C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇(A)-0.4%磷酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速0.7 mL·min^-1,检测波长254 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 样品中槲皮素和山奈酚的含量分别为0.013 1~0.035 6 mg·g^-1及0.022 0~0.048 0 mg·g^-1,平均回收率分别为102.8%和99.5%。芜菁子指纹图谱中有11个共有峰,对10批次芜菁子样品的指纹图谱进行相似度比较,相似度较高。结论 该方法重现性好,可行性强,可用于芜菁子的质量评价。     

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for fast and accurate identification of clinically relevant Aspergillus species

New Aspergillus species have recently been described with the use of multilocus sequencing in refractory cases of invasive aspergillosis. The classical phenotypic identification methods routinely used in clinical laboratories failed to identify them adequately. Some of these Aspergillus species have specific patterns of susceptibility to antifungal agents, and misidentification may lead to inappropriate therapy. We developed a matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)‐based strategy to adequately identify Aspergillus species to the species level. A database including the reference spectra of 28 clinically relevant species from seven Aspergillus sections (five common and 23 unusual species) was engineered. The profiles of young and mature colonies were analysed for each reference strain, and species‐specific spectral fingerprints were identified. The performance of the database was then tested on 124 clinical and 16 environmental isolates previously characterized by partial sequencing of the β‐tubulin and calmodulin genes. One hundred and thirty‐eight isolates of 140 (98.6%) were correctly identified. Two atypical isolates could not be identified, but no isolate was misidentified (specificity: 100%). The database, including species‐specific spectral fingerprints of young and mature colonies of the reference strains, allowed identification regardless of the maturity of the clinical isolate. These results indicate that MALDI‐TOF MS is a powerful tool for rapid and accurate identification of both common and unusual species of Aspergillus. It can give better results than morphological identification in clinical laboratories.     

医院网络安全技术应用与管理

本文主要介绍了不同网络安全技术在医院的应用和作用,并对网络管理方面所采取的措施进行了阐述.