2018年上海市松江区本市户籍≥65岁老年人口肺结核主动筛查及其效果分析

目的 分析上海市松江区本市户籍≥65岁老年人口肺结核主动筛查及其效果,为肺结核低流行地区老年结核病患者主动发现策略提供科学依据。方法 从上海市松江区2018年4月1日至8月31日15个社区卫生服务中心开展的针对≥65岁老年人健康管理服务项目的体格检查资料中,收集本市户籍≥65岁老年人主动筛查肺结核的情况。从《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》的子系统《结核病管理信息系统》(简称“《专报系统》”)中导出松江区2018年1月1日至2019年8月31日新登记的所有≥65岁本区户籍老年活动性肺结核患者的病案信息,与本年度主动筛查的数据进行比对,获取本年度及筛查后一年时间内的肺结核发病情况,通过筛查率和筛查检出率指标评价松江区老年肺结核主动筛查的效果。结果 2018年松江区≥65岁本市户籍人口共计129008名,参加老年人肺结核主动筛查的总筛查率为57.48%(74150/129008),其中70~74岁年龄组筛查率最高(65.51%,21446/32736),≥85岁年龄组筛查率最低(22.61%,3074/13596)。胸部X线摄影(简称“胸片”)检查率为98.31%(72899/74150),胸片异常者5050例(6.93%,5050/72899);其中确诊为新发肺结核患者3例(新检出率为4.12/10万,3/72899),在治既往肺结核患者3例,陈旧性肺结核患者524例(0.72%,524/72899),其他异常者4520例(6.20%,4520/72899;其他异常者包括肺部结节状病灶、肺部感染、胸膜增厚、斑片状阴影等)。2018年上海市松江区共登记本市户籍≥65岁老年肺结核患者57例,登记率为44.18/10万(57/129008),其中≥85岁年龄组登记率[73.55/10万(10/13596)]最高;被动发现率[41.86/10万(54/129008)]明显高于主动发现率(4.12/10万)(χ ²=24.00,P<0.001);接受过主动筛查者的发病率[21.58/10万(16/74150)]明显低于未接受过主动筛查者的发病率[74.74/10万(41/54858)](χ ²=20.16,P<0.001)。筛查后1年内32例主动筛查的老年人确诊为活动性肺结核(其中2018年登记13例,2019年登记19例)。结论 在低流行地区开展主动筛查老年人肺结核的检出率低,但对胸部异常筛查有临床意义,且可增加老年人结核病诊治意识,提前进行诊断和治疗,可结合老年人慢性病管理项目开展结核病重点筛查。     

福建北部地区斯氏并殖吸虫疫源地宿主感染情况分析

目的考察福建北部地区斯氏并殖吸虫中间宿主螺、蟹种群及其孳生地,比较生态环境改变前后感染率,并分析其变化原因。方法 2009-2019年,以并殖吸虫病例为线索,对福建省北部南平市的建瓯市小桥镇涤上村、东峰镇桂林村、城关镇七里街村和建阳区崇雒乡上洋村、政和县东平镇西表村、岭腰乡前溪村以及三明市的三元区居阳村等11处调查点进行现场采集螺、蟹,并考察其生态环境,设框(33 mm2)检测螺分布密度,计算螺的并殖吸虫尾蚴感染率和蟹的并殖吸虫囊蚴感染率、感染度。囊蚴采用人工感染健康犬(2只)和PCR扩增内转录间隔区2 (ITS2)序列、线粒体细胞色素氧化酶1 (CO1)基因进行鉴定。考察原孳生地生态环境的变化,复查螺、蟹的感染率、感染度,分析环境变化对感染率的影响。结果 11处调查点查见唐氏拟小豆螺、建瓯拟小豆螺和小桥拟钉螺等3种螺。山涧水源小沟或渗水湿地等微型生态环境为螺的适宜孳生地,螺多栖息于沟内水线上下5 mm的潮湿环境,主要附着于沟内潮湿的陈旧落叶、枯枝,其次为石块上,泥砂中较少。唐氏拟小豆螺、建瓯拟小豆螺和小桥拟钉螺的平均分布密度分别为156/框、179~291/框和12~266/框;各调查点均有螺查出斯氏并殖吸虫尾蚴,唐氏拟小豆螺、建瓯拟小豆螺和小桥拟钉螺的感染率分别为0.22%(4/1 851)、0.38%(36/9 420)、1.10%(102/9 247)。11处调查点查见福建华溪蟹、福建博特溪蟹、角肢华南溪蟹和待定种华南溪蟹等4种溪蟹。溪蟹多栖息于水流缓慢的山涧,白天潜伏于石块下,夜间四出觅食。溪蟹的斯氏并殖吸虫囊蚴感染率为38.99%~96.77%,平均感染率为80.21%(231/288),平均感染度为19.8个囊蚴/蟹。PCR结果显示,囊蚴样品扩增出的ITS2序列约500 bp,与GenBank中斯氏并殖吸虫相似性为99%;CO1基因序列约450 bp,与GenBank中宫崎并殖吸虫相似性为100%。人工感染实验结果显示,2只感染犬解剖后分别获得6和8条成虫,经鉴定均为斯氏并殖吸虫。孳生地环境改变有山洪暴发、垦植、干旱和人为破坏等原因,孳生地环境改变后对11处19次复查中,有10次未采集到螺,有5次未采集到蟹。5个调查点孳生地环境变化为山洪暴发所致,灾后进行7次调查均未查见螺,其中3处未查见溪蟹。11处调查点孳生地环境改变后,蟹的斯氏并殖吸虫囊蚴感染率为36.11%(91/252),平均感染度为4.9个囊蚴/蟹。孳生地环境改变前后的感染率差异具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论福建北部建瓯等地为斯氏并殖吸虫高度感染的自然疫源地。孳生地生态环境改变后螺、蟹斯氏并殖吸虫尾蚴/囊蚴感染率下降明显,其中山洪暴发和垦植等是影响螺、蟹感染率下降的主要因素。     

Forensic and phylogenetic characterization of 15 autosomal STRs in Hazara population of Pakistan

In the current study, 217 unrelated individuals of the Hazara population were genotyped for 15 autosomal short tandem repeats to generate parentage and forensic efficacy parameters. Hazaras belong to the Shi’a sect and are recognized by their Turko-Mogholi features. We found that D2S1338 was the most discriminatory locus with a maximum power of exclusion and high value of polymorphism information content. Whilst the Combined Power of Discrimination (CPD), Combined Matching Probability (CMP) and Combined Power of Exclusion (CPE) were 0.999999999999999, 2.76796338879E^-17 and 0.999999040733479 respectively. Furthermore, the pattern of genetic affinity with genetically assumed related populations was demonstrated through Heat Map and Phylogenetic analysis, which revealed a great level of genetic closeness of Hazaras with Mongol population and descendants of Genghis Khan. The resulting data can be used for forensic applications and anthropological studies.     

Genetic diversity of HLA system in a population sample from Aguascalientes,Mexico

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 95 Mexicans from the state of Aguascalientes to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies and their linkage disequilibrium. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Aguascalientes include four Native American, three European and one Asian haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Aguascalientes are Native American (54.53 ± 3.22% by ML; 44.21% of Native American haplotypes) and European (44.34 ± 0.45% by ML; 40.53% of European haplotypes), and a relatively low African genetic component (1.13 ± 2.33% by ML; 5.26% of African haplotypes).     

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Nuevo León,Mexico: Monterrey and rural Nuevo León

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 665 Mexicans from the state of Nuevo León living in the city of Monterrey (N = 226) and rural communities (N = 439), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Nuevo León include 12 Native American and three European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Nuevo León are Native American (54.53 ± 0.87% by ML; 48.88% of Native American haplotypes) and European (38.67 ± 4.06% by ML; 32.59% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (6.80 ± 4.30% by ML; 8.26% of African haplotypes).     

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Tlaxcala,Mexico: Tlaxcala city and rural Tlaxcala

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1011 Mexicans from the state of Tlaxcala residing in the city of Tlaxcala (N = 181) and rural communities (N = 830), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes in Tlaxcala are all of Native American origin. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (75.13 ± 1.56% by ML; 69.24% based on of Native American haplotypes) and European (16.10 ± 4.98% by ML; 19.74% of European haplotypes), with a less prominent African genetic component (8.78 ± 4.09% by ML; 4.35% of African haplotypes).     

Left ventricular diastolic function in relation to the urinary proteome: A proof-of-concept study in a general population

Background

In previous studies, we identified two urinary proteomic classifiers, termed HF1 and HF2, which discriminated subclinical diastolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction from normal. HF1 and HF2 combine information from 85 and 671 urinary peptides, mainly up- or down-regulated collagen fragments. We sought to validate these classifiers in a population study.

Methods

In 745 people randomly recruited from a Flemish population (49.8 years; 51.3% women), we measured early and late diastolic peak velocities of mitral inflow (E and A) and mitral annular velocities (e' and a') by conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography, and the urinary proteome by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry.

Results

In the analyses adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, LV mass index and intake of medications, we expressed effect sizes per 1-SD increment in the classifiers. HF1 was associated with 0.204 cm/s lower e' peak velocity (95% confidence interval, 0.057–0.351; p = 0.007) and 0.145 higher E/e' ratio (0.023–0.268; p = 0.020), while HF2 was associated with a 0.174 higher E/e' ratio (0.046–0.302; p = 0.008). According to published definitions, 67 (9.0%) participants had impaired LV relaxation and 96 (12.9%) had elevated LV filling pressure. The odds of impaired relaxation associated with HF1 was 1.38 (1.01–1.88; p = 0.043) and that of increased LV filling pressure associated with HF2 was 1.38 (1.00–1.90; p = 0.052).

Conclusions

In a general population, the urinary proteome correlated with diastolic LV dysfunction, proving its utility for early diagnosis of this condition.     

Potential reductions in ultra-processed food consumption substantially improve population cardiometabolic-related dietary nutrient profiles in eight countries

Background and aimsThe negative effect on dietary nutrient profiles is the most obvious mechanism explaining the higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases associated with increased dietary share of UPF observed in large cohort studies.We estimate the proportion of diets with excessive energy density, excessive free sugars or saturated fat contents and insufficient fiber that could be avoided, if UPF consumption was reduced to levels among lowest consumers across eight countries, as well as the proportion of diets with multiple inadequacies.Methods and resultsUsing nationally-representative cross-sectional surveys from Brazil (2008–09), Chile (2010), Colombia (2005), Mexico (2012), Australia (2011–12), the UK (2008–16), Canada (2015), and the US (2015–16), inadequate energy density (≥2.25 kcal/g) or contents of free sugars (>10% of total energy intake), saturated fats (>10% of total energy intake) and fiber (<25 g/2000 kcal) population attributable fractions were quantified.Substantial reductions in nutrient inadequacies would be observed ranging from 50.4% in Chile to 76.8% in US for dietary energy density, from 15.5% in Colombia to 68.4% in Australia for free sugars, from 9.5% in Canada to 35.0% in Mexico for saturated fats, and from 10.3% in UK to 37.9% in Mexico for fiber. Higher reductions would be observed for diets with multiple nutrient inadequacies: from 27.3% in UK to 77.7% in Australia for ≥3 and from 69.4% in Canada to 92.1% in US, for 4 inadequacies.ConclusionsLowering dietary contribution of UPF to levels among country-specific lowest consumers is a way to improve population cardiometabolic-related dietary nutrient profiles.     

湖北地区肋壳钉螺与光壳钉螺种群间亲缘关系的探讨

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳对长江水系的湖北钟祥、蒲圻光亮钉螺和江陵、潜江、阳新助壳钉螺进行酯酶同工酶（EST）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）电泳比较，结果显示：3地肋壳钉螺EST同工酶酶带数目、活性及Rf值完全一致；2地光亮钉螺与肋壳钉螺相比，酶谱特征也基本一致，EST同工酶仅1－3条弱带稍有差异；MDH同工酶仅蒲圻光亮钉螺与其它各地肋壳与光亮钉螺稍有差异，提示上述各地钉螺在种系进化上具有比较密切的亲缘关系。