五指牛奶化学成分、药理作用及临床应用研究进展

通过查阅、整理国内外有关五指牛奶的文献资料,对其化学成分、药理作用及临床应用进行归纳总结。化学成分主要包括香豆素类、黄酮类和挥发油类等,且多具生理活性;药理作用主要有止咳、祛痰、平喘、增强免疫力、抑菌抗炎、保肝降酶等作用。临床主要用于治疗慢性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺痨咳嗽、肝炎、肝硬化、风湿痹痛、脾虚食少等。五指牛奶化学成分多,药理作用广,建议进行深入系统的研究,扩大五指牛奶的药用价值。     

大果榕茎化学成分研究

目的 研究大果榕Ficus auriculata茎的化学成分.方法 运用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱,以及制备薄层色谱等方法分离纯化,通过波谱数据和理化性质鉴定结构.结果 从大果榕茎95％乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为6β-羟基豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(1)、6α-羟基豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(2)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(3)、3β-羟基豆甾-5-烯-7-酮(4)、豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮(5)、麦角甾醇过氧化物(6)、(20S)-3-oxo-20-hydroxytaraxastane (7)、伞形香青酰胺(8)、金色胡椒酰胺乙酸酯(9)、palmarumycin BG1 (10)、7-羰基-脱氢枞酸(11)、松柏醛(12)、S-(+)-dehydrovomifoliol (13)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(14).结论 化合物2、5、7～13为首次从该属植物中分离得到,所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous root extract of Ficus religiosa

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ficus religiosa Linn is frequently used for the treatment of nervous disorders among Pawara tribe of the Satpuda range, India.

Aim of the study

This study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of the aqueous aerial root extract of Ficus religiosa in chemoconvulsant-induced seizures in mice.

Materials and methods

The anticonvulsant activity of the extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated in strychnine-, pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin- and isoniazid-induced seizures in mice. Rat ileum and fundus strip preparations were used to study the effect of the extract on acetylcholine (Ach)- and serotonin (5-HT)-induced contractions, respectively.

Results

The extract showed no toxicity and protected the animals in the strychnine and pentylenetetrazole tests in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect in the picrotoxin and isoniazid tests, however, was less potent. The extract also exhibited dose-dependent potentiation of Ach in rat ileum but failed to potentiate the effect of 5-HT in rat fundus strip preparation.

Conclusions

The results suggest that an orally administered aqueous root extract of Ficus religiosa has dose-dependent and potent anticonvulsant activities against strychnine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. The observed activities may be ascribed to the appreciable content of zinc and magnesium in the extract.     

Bronchospasm potentiating effect of methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa fruits in guinea pigs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The sacred tree Peepal (Ficus religiosa family: Moraceae) has numerous therapeutic utility in folk medicine.

Aim of the study

It has been reported to be used in ethno medical treatment of asthma and also in epilepsy due to its high serotonin content, which has been implicated in pathophysiology of asthma, this led us to carry out the present study.

Materials and methods

The in vivo studies of histamine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs and in vitro isolated guinea pig tracheal chain and ileum preparation.

Results

Pre-treatment of guinea pigs with ketotifen (1 mg/kg, p.o.) has significantly delayed the onset of histamine aerosol induced pre-convulsive dyspnea, compared with vehicle control (281.8^a ± 11.7 vs. 112.2 ± 9.8). The administration of methanolic extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) did not produced any significant effect on latency to develop histamine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea. On the other hand, methanolic extract of the fruits at the doses employed (i.e., 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml) has significantly potentiate the EC₅₀ doses of both histamine and acetylcholine in isolated guinea pig tracheal chain and ileum preparation. In addition, HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract showed the presence of high amounts of serotonin (2.89%, w/w).

Conclusions

On the basis of data, it may be concluded that Ficus religiosa fruits have been found to be ineffective against histamine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. In addition, methanolic extract of the fruits have shown to potentiate the bronchoconstriction induced by both histamine and acetylcholine on guinea pig tracheal chain preparation.     

无花果叶的质量分析

目的:通过对无花果叶的定性、定量分析研究,为无花果叶的开发利用、质量标准的制定提供依据。方法:运用薄层色谱、紫外光谱法对无花果叶进行定性理化特征鉴定,以补骨脂素、佛手柑内酯为对照品,运用HPLC对无花果叶进行含量测定。结果:薄层色谱法鉴别色谱斑点清晰,专属性强;无花果叶主成分在290 nm处紫外吸收最大;补骨脂素在0.083 2～0.832μg线性关系良好,回收率97.0%～104.1%,RSD 2.80%;佛手柑内酯在0.038 4～0.230 4μg线性关系良好,回收率在97.1%～103.4%,RSD 2.19%。结论:本文研究结果可作为无花果叶质量标准制定提供定性、定量方面的依据。     

Immunomodulatory Effects of Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Ficus septica Burm. F. in Doxorubicin-treated Rats

The use of chemotherapeutics induces cardiotoxicity and affects immune functions, therefore development ofcombinatorial agents against cardiotoxicity and immunosuppression needs to be explored. Previous studies of thehexane insoluble fraction (HIF) of an ethanolic extract of Ficus septica leaves showed anticancer effects singlyand in combination with doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer cells. In this present study, it was evaluated for itsimmunomodulatory activities in doxorubicin-treated rats. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided intofive groups consisting of six rats each as follows: Group 1, receiving oral saline 10 ml/kg BW (control group);Group 2, receiving HIF dose 750 mg/kg BW orally, once daily; Group 3, receiving HIF dose 1.500 mg/kg BWorally, once daily; Group 4, given oral saline 10 ml/kg BW (normal group); Group 5, receiving HIF dose 1.500mg/kg BW orally, once daily. The rats of group 1-3 were intramuscularly administered with doxorubicin at adose of 4.67 mg/kg BW at the days 1 and 4 to suppress immune functions. Concomitantly, the rats were treatedwith saline or HIF for seven consecutive days (1 to 7). Treatment of HIF succeeded in reducing side effects ofdoxorubicin based on increasing lymphocyte density and phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophages,as well as increasing the CD8+ blood level and decreasing spleen IL-10 expression. Hexane insoluble fraction ofof ethanolic extract of Ficus septica leaves has potential as a protective agent combined with doxorubicin.     

Hypotriglyceridaemic activity of Ficus carica leaves in experimental hypertriglyceridaemic rats

A model of hypertriglyceridaemia in rats is described, which was used to investigate the hypolipidaemic effect of an intraperitoneal (i./p.) administration of a Ficus carica leaf decoction. Hypertriglyceridaemia was induced in rats following the protocol: a fasting period of 22 h, 2 h of oral (p.o.) administration of 20% emulsion of longchain triglycerides (LCT emulsion), both repeated once. The plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels obtained 2 h after the protocol were 5.7 ± 2.5 mmol/L (p < 0.0001 vs basal levels) and 1.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L, respectively, n = 10. The new model was used to test the hypotriglyceridaemic effect of a single dose of Ficus carica (fig tree) leaf decoction administered i./p. (50 g dry wt/kg body wt). After the i.p. injection of serum saline (control group, n = 10) or Ficus carica extract (group A, n = 10), plasma triglyceride levels in the control group and group A were 5.9 ± 2.9 mmol/L and 5.5 ± 2.9 mmol/L just after the LCT emulsion protocol; 4.7 ± 2.7 mmol/L and 0.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p < 0.005, 60 min after the LCT protocol; and 3.6 ± 2.9 mmol/L and 1.0 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p < 0.05, 90 min after the LCT protocol. The plasma total cholesterol levels, which were not modified in our experimental model, showed no significant differences in relation to baseline levels in the presence or absence of Ficus carica treatment either. The clearly positive results suggest the presence in the fig leaf decoction of a compound or compounds that influence lipid catabolism. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

万寿菊花镇咳作用有效部位的实验研究

目的:分离万寿菊花镇咳作用的有效部位。方法:水煎煮与醇提取万寿菊花后采用聚酰胺柱分离,用水、不同浓度的乙醇溶液和氨水洗脱,各洗脱部位的镇咳作用以浓氨水引咳小鼠做测试。结果:90%乙醇洗脱部位镇咳效果显著。结论:万寿菊花镇咳作用有效部位为90%乙醇洗脱部位。     

A study on the glycaemic balance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with an aqueous extract of Ficus carica (fig tree) leaves

The hypoglycaemic effect of an aqueous extract of Ficus carica leaves was studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The extract induced a significant hypoglycaemic effect after either oral- or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Body weight loss was prevented in treated diabetic rats and the survival index was significantly affected by plasma insulin levels. Results show that Ficus carica aqueous extract has a clear hypoglycaemic activity in treated versus non-treated diabetic rats. The mechanism involved in such an effect is not elucidated.     

In vitro determination of the uterine stimulatory effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Ficus exasperata

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The leaves of Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae) are used by traditional healers in Southern Nigeria to arrest pre-term contractions and are also used as an abortifacient in some parts of Africa.

Aim of study

An earlier study on the aqueous leaf extract of Ficus exasperata (AET) showed that the extract at lower concentrations inhibited oxytocin-induced uterine contractions and at higher concentrations, stimulated uterine contraction. This study thus aims to determine, the possible mechanisms by which AET stimulates uterine contraction in vitro.

Materials and methods

The contractile effect of AET (5.0 × 10⁻² to 100 × 10⁻² mg/ml) and oxytocin (which was used as a reference drug) were examined in the presence of the following antagonists: atropine (1.18 and 11.91 nM); indomethacin (1.42 and 14.25 nM); verapamil (2.03 and 20.35 nM); phentolamine (4.09 and 40.91 nM), or diphenhydramine (4.45 and 44.47 nM). The EC₅₀ and E_max were determined and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc test.

Results

There was no significant difference in the EC₅₀ and E_max of AET and oxytocin in the presence of atropine. Diphenhydramine and phentolamine significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) the extract but both drugs had no effect on oxytocin. However, significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed in the EC₅₀ and E_max of AET and oxytocin in the presence of verapamil and indomethacin.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the stimulation of uterine contractility by AET may arise from the activation of histamine H₁- and/or α-adrenergic receptors, interference with calcium channels and/or stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in utero.