复方嗜酸乳杆菌片联合启脾口服液治疗学龄期儿童功能性腹痛疗效观察

目的:探讨学龄期儿童功能性腹痛的有效治疗方法。方法:选择2016年3月至2017年3月我院儿科门诊确诊为功能性腹痛的患儿150例,按就诊顺序随机分为对照组、观察组1和观察组2各50例。对照组给予口服山莨菪碱(654-2)片,每次0.1~0.2 mg/kg,每天3次;观察组1在对照组基础上给予口服复方嗜酸乳杆菌片,每次1片,每天3次;观察组2在观察组1基础上给予启脾口服液,每次5~10mL,每天3次。三组均以2周为1个疗程,连续治疗2个疗程。治疗结束时评价疗效及视觉模拟评分。结果:对照组、观察组1和观察组2的总有效率分别为66.0%、86.0%、94.0%(P<0.01);治疗结束时的视觉模拟评分分别为(3.88±1.10)分、(3.28±1.43)分、(2.40±1.16)分(P<0.01)。结论:复方嗜酸乳杆菌片联合启脾口服液治疗学龄期儿童功能性腹痛疗效确切,能显著缓解腹痛,值得临床推广应用。     

A systematic review of disability awareness interventions for children and youth

Purpose: Children’s lack of knowledge about disability can adversely impact their attitudes toward people with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to review the common elements of effective disability awareness interventions. Methods: A systematic review of disability awareness interventions for children and youth was conducted to assess the effective components of these interventions. Electronic searches were conducted using OVID, CENTRAL, PsychInfo, ERIC, Social Science Citation Index, GreyNET Scopus and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria included (i) an intervention raising awareness about disability, (ii) school-age children with the average age between 5–19 years old, (iii) at least one measurable outcome focusing on knowledge about disability or attitudes towards and/or acceptance of people with a disability and (iv) published article or grey literature. Results: Of the 1031 articles that were identified in the search, 42 met the criteria to be included in the review. We classified the disability awareness interventions into 5 broad types including (i) social contact, (ii) simulation, (iii) curriculum, (iv) multi-media curriculum and (v) multiple components. Thirty-four studies showed an improvement in attitudes towards and/or acceptance of peers with disabilities. Eight of these studies also demonstrated an improvement in knowledge of people with disabilities. Five of the interventions found no support for improving knowledge about, or acceptance of people with disabilities. Conclusion: Disability awareness interventions can successfully improve children’s knowledge about and attitudes towards peers with a disability; they should include several different components over multiple sessions. Relevance: These findings are being used to further develop disability awareness interventions to help improve the social inclusion and participation of children with disabilities within mainstream classrooms.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Well-designed disability awareness interventions for children and youth can help improve knowledge about disability, attitudes towards people with a disability and acceptance of peers with a disability.

• Rehabilitation health care providers and educators should be trained to recognize when children with disabilities are being socially excluded and be prepared to provide or recommend appropriate resources and interventions on how to address this issue.

• Clinicians, educators and children with disabilities should all be involved in the development of disability awareness programs.

• Educators should carefully choose an appropriate intervention to meet the needs of the children in their class while considering age appropriateness and diversity of the students. It is also important for educators to be cognizant of the broader societal influences that impact attitudes towards disability.

     

Dietary Non-heme Iron Bioavailability Among Children (Ages 5–8) in a Rural,High-Anemia-Prevalent Area in North India: Comparison of Algorithms

Non-heme iron bioavailability of diet consumed by children (ages 5 to 8) in rural area of India was estimated by comparison of algorithms. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 232 children and consisted of a 24-hour recall on 2 nonconsecutive days. Four algorithms were chosen to estimate the non-heme iron bioavailability. Daily average non-heme iron bioavailability as calculated by different algorithms was low (between 3.2% and 4.6%). Correlations of bioavailable non-heme iron among different algorithms were strong, ranging from rs = 0.67 to rs = 0.85 (p ≤ .01).     

潍坊市8～9岁儿童牙科畏惧症与心理弹性及相关因素研究

目的 研究潍坊市8～9岁学龄儿童牙科畏惧症（CDF）的相关影响因素以及与心理弹性之间的关系,为CDF的早期预防和干预提供依据。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,于2021年6-10月抽取潍坊市4区10所小学1 995名8～9儿童作为调查对象,采用一般情况调查问卷、儿童畏惧调查-牙科分量表及青少年心理弹性量表进行调查。结果 研究发现潍坊市8～9岁儿童CDF检出率为31.78%(634例),其中男生检出率为28.41%(296例),女生检出率为35.47%(338例)。多因素Logistic分析显示,性别为女性[比值比（OR）=1.329,95%置信区间（CI）=1.062～1.665]、有龋齿（OR=1.961,95%CI=1.330～2.891）、有牙痛经历（OR=2.133,95%CI=1.700～2.676）及有牙科治疗经历（OR=3.621,95%CI=2.888～4.540）是CDF发生的危险因素;父母受过大专及以上教育（OR=2.123, 95%CI=1.546～2.916; OR=3.304, 95%CI=2.368～4.612）,心理弹性个人力维度中积极认知因子得分高（OR=1...     

中国6市7～1 6岁中小学生血脂水平现状调查

目的解中国汉族学生血脂水平现状,为制定儿童青少年血脂异常防治策略提供依据。方法选择有地域代表的北京、天津、杭州、上海、重庆和南宁6市2010年在校7～16岁中小学生共20 191名(男性10 669名,女性9522名)为调查对象;按血脂测定标准化方法测定空腹甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆同醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,计算非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)。结果果(1)7～16岁儿童青少年每岁年龄组的TG(95百分位数,P。,)为1.26～1.88 mmol／L,TC(P。,)为4.80～5.46 mmol／L,LDL-C(P。s)为2.67～3.27mmol／L.non-HDL-C(P。,)为3.36～3.9l mmol／L,与年龄无明甚相关性(P>0.05)HDL-C(P,)波动于1.08～0.83 mmol／L,HDL-C与年龄的相关性分析提示差异有统计学意义(P结论在儿童青少年期,年龄不是影响TG、TC、LDL-C水平的主要因素,但HDL-C水平随年龄增长有一定下降趋势;非肥胖组血脂水平明显优于肥胖组,且东郭地区优于北部及中西部。     

陕西两县4~6年级学生家庭教养方式调查

目的 对陕西关中澄城、白水两贫困县小学高年级儿童的教养方式进行抽样调查研究,为儿童健康成长提供参考依据.方法 采用随机抽样方法,西安交通大学第二附属医院于2016年5月选取两县共4所小学4~6年级944名学生,用程灶火编制的"家庭教养方式问卷"对研究对象进行调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 在父亲和母亲教养方式中,不同性别儿童在激励-惩罚维度得分上差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.491、3.143,均P<0.05);不同年级学生在尊重-羞辱、宽容-放纵、管教-控制维度上的得分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为8.589、4.100、11.300,均P<0.05);不同家庭经济状况儿童在民主-独裁、关心-袒护、宽容-放纵、管教-控制和期望-苛求维度得分上差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为14.830、6.996、3.693、12.600、13.200,均P<0.05);不同文化程度的儿童在管教-控制、期望-苛求维度得分上差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为4.960、6.230,均P<0.05);不同家庭类型儿童母亲教养方式各维度得分之间无差异,但父亲教养方式在温情-粗暴维度得分上差异有统计学意义(F=3.470,P=0.016).结论 陕西关中两贫困县家庭在养育儿童中存在消极的教养方式,同时也有条件教养方式,应该引起学龄儿童家长们的重视,也应该开展在家长中教养方式的宣教工作.     

术后静脉镇痛对学龄儿童术后认知功能的影响

目的 探讨全身麻醉后静脉镇痛对学龄儿童术后是否出现认知功能障碍及差异.方法 择期小儿骨科手术患儿20例,随机分为静脉镇痛组(S组,n=10)和对照组(C组,n=10).两组患儿麻醉方法及用药相同,手术结束后S组予以芬太尼20～30 μg/kg、昂丹司琼0.1 mg/kg加0.9％生理盐水至100 mL镇痛泵,2 mL/h持续泵入;C组手术后回病房不使用任何镇痛措施.所有患儿分别于术前1d、术后1d、3d及7d给予认知功能评分.结果 术后1d与手术前1d比较,C组术后出现轻度认知功能障碍的患者为2例(20％),S组为3例(30％);两组患者术后第1天认知功能评分均降低(P＜0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义.C组在术后3d出现1例术后认知功能障碍但与麻醉前比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);S组术后第3天认知功能评分恢复正常,C组术后第7天认知功能评分恢复正常.结论 术后静脉镇痛不增加学龄儿童术后认知功能障碍的发生率.     

Children's views of communication and speech-language pathology

Children have the right to express their views and influence decisions in matters that affect them. Yet decisions regarding speech-language pathology are often made on their behalf, and research into the perspectives of children who receive speech-language pathology intervention is currently limited. This paper reports a qualitative study which explored experiences of communication and of speech-language pathology from the perspectives of children with speech, language, and communication needs (SLCN). The aim was to explore their perspectives of communication, communication impairment, and assistance. Eleven school-children participated in the study, aged between 7–10 years. They were recruited through a speech-language pathology service in south west England, to include a range of ages and severity of difficulties. The study used open-ended interviews within which non-verbal activities such as drawing, taking photographs, and compiling a scrapbook were used to create a context for supported conversations. Findings were analysed according to the principles of grounded theory. Three ways of talking about communication emerged. These were in terms of impairment, learning, and behaviour. Findings offer insight into dialogue between children with SLCN and adults; the way communication is talked about has implications for children's view of themselves, their skills, and their participation.     

甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识水平及其影响因素分析

【目的】 了解甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识的发展水平及其影响因素,为针对性地开展学龄儿童心理发展指导与教育提供参考依据。 【方法】 分层随机整群抽取甘肃省6市县5 435名在校中小学生,采用儿童自我意识量表(Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale,PHCSS)进行调查分析与评价。 【结果】 甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识总体水平显著低于全国城市常模(P<0.01);女生行为、智力与学校情况、合群、幸福与满足因子及总分显著高于男生(P<0.01);城市儿童自我意识各因子及总分均高于农村儿童(P<0.01);多因素分析表明,学龄儿童自我意识的主要影响因素有父母文化程度、母亲职业、学习成绩、师生关系、同学关系。 【结论】 儿童自我意识的发展与经济、社会发展水平有关,家庭与学校环境是其重要的影响因素。学龄期儿童的自我意识培养是儿童成长过程中的一项重要发展任务。     

农村地区学龄儿童感觉统合失调调查

【目的】 了解四川省农村学龄儿童感觉统合失调现状,以期为农村儿童心理健康教育提供依据。 【方法】 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取研究对象,并采用问卷调查目标人群,将调查结果与国内其他地区结果进行分析。 【结果】 四川省农村地区儿童感觉统合失调率为29.5%,低于国内大部分其他地区的研究结果,且差异有统计学意义。男童各等级失调率均高于女童,差异有统计学意义,这与其余各地区的研究结果一致。 【结论】 四川省农村地区的学龄儿童感觉统合失调率低于国内其他学者的研究结果,但与20世纪国外报道的感觉统合失调的发生率相比,仍属于较高的水平。故对于经济条件较差、文化教育水平较低的农村地区儿童应给予更多的关注。