不同消毒方法对碳离子改性硅橡胶表面自由能及邵氏硬度的影响

目的 初步探讨碳离子硅橡胶经过不同消毒试剂与方法处理后其表面亲疏水性、表面自由能以及邵氏硬度的变化情况.方法 碳离子硅橡胶经过70％酒精、2％碱性戊二醛、0.5％碘伏、5.25％次氯酸钠、3％过氧化氢以及134℃高温、高压等消毒试剂或方法处理后,采用静态接触角测定仪检测其表面水、甘油接触角以及邵氏硬度变化情况,采用Owen-Wendt公式计算表面自由能γs、极性分量γsp以及非极性分量γsd变化.结果 碳离子硅橡胶经过5.25％次氯酸钠以及3％过氧化氢处理后,其表面接触角以及表面自由能发生明显变化,前者使得其表面呈现出完全的亲水性;70％酒精、2％碱性戊二醛、0.5％碘伏以及134℃高温、高压等方法对材料表面接触角以及表面自由能等影响较小.不同处理组材料表面邵氏硬度差异均无统计学意义.结论 70％酒精以及134℃高温、高压等消毒方法对碳离子硅橡胶表面性能影响最小,结合操作便利性等因素,70％酒精可认为是该材料最适宜的消毒处理方式.而次氯酸钠消毒液极不利于该材料表面形貌维持,不宜采用.     

胎儿超声及染色体产前诊断对唐氏综合征产前筛查为临界风险的临床价值

目的 探讨中孕期唐氏综合征筛查为临界风险的胎儿超声及染色体检查的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析中孕期唐氏综合征产前筛查临界风险的2 281例胎儿超声检查结果,以低风险2 500例为对照,比较两组单发软指标、多发软指标、单发畸形、多发畸形等异常检出率.并分析其中1 332例知情选择羊膜腔穿刺术者胎儿染色体产前诊断结果.结果 ①临界风险组胎儿超声检查检出单发软指标异常696例(30.51％)、多发软指标异常118例(5.17％)、单发畸形18例(0.79％)、多发畸形7例(0.31％).低风险组检出单发软指标异常308例(12.32％)、多发软指标异常82例(3.28％)、单发畸形5例(0.20％)、多发畸形1例(0.04％).临界风险组各项异常检出率明显高于低风险组(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).②选择羊膜腔穿刺术胎儿染色体产前诊断1 332例临界风险组中,合并单发软指标异常135例,多发软指标异常83例,单发畸形11例,多发畸形5例者胎儿染色体检查结果均正常.③1 332例临界风险组中检出常染色体结构异常10例,性染色体结构异常1例.异常检出率0.08％.其中,染色体平衡易位7例,臂间倒位3例,等臂染色体1例.9例系母系或父系来源,2例为新发突变.11例染色体结构异常的胎儿超声检查均无明显异常发现.结论 胎儿超声检查能为唐氏综合征临界风险孕妇的遗传咨询提供有价值的信息;唐氏综合征临界风险亦提示胎儿染色体结构异常风险增加.     

匡继林教授治疗多囊卵巢综合征的辨治思路

匡继林教授基于多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)的发病病因病机,治疗PCOS遵循辨病为先、明确诊断,根据月经周期4个时期的不同生理特点及患者体质进行“辨疾病-辨时期-辨体质”的临床三维辨治.提出以“调肾本、和肝脾、益气血、行冲任、养胞宫、促进卵泡发育与排卵,进而恢复正常月经”的PCOS治疗大法,辨病辨证相结合、因时制宜、因人制宜,临床疗效显著.     

多发性骨髓瘤中医病机分析及证治思路

多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是一种浆细胞恶性肿瘤,随年龄增长发病率升高,多经意义未明的单克隆免疫球蛋白血症(monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, MGUS)发展而来。本文在前人经验基础上,提出了完整的肾虚血瘀证治思想;认为肾虚无制、瘀毒肆虐是MM发生的关键;提出了补肾阴、扶正气、破瘀毒、解症状基本治法,使MM恢复到MGUS状态。     

肠腔充盈超声造影在大肠疾病检查中的应用价值

目的  探讨肠腔充盈超声造影在大肠疾病检查中的应用价值,寻找一种简便、经济、有效的大肠检查方法。方法  对126例经病理组织学证实的大肠疾病患者行经腹超声检查（CTUS）、肠腔充盈超声造影检查（BCUS）、肠镜检查,并进行对照研究。BCUS检查是从直肠-回盲部-直肠进行多角度、多切面扫查,观察肠壁的结构层次、肠黏膜的连续性,病变的形态、大小、内部回声、活动度,病变与肠管周围组织器官的关系,并对病变进行定位,比较BCUS和CTUS对大肠疾病的检出、定位准确性的差异。以病理结果为金标准,比较BCUS和肠镜对各大肠疾病诊断符合率的差异。结果  126例患者CTUS检出病灶64个（64/126）,检出率为50.8%;BCUS检出病灶109个（109/126）,检出率为86.5%,两种方法检出率比较差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。BCUS对大肠病变的定位符合率为90.8%（99／109）,CTUS对大肠病变的定位符合率为29.7%（19／64）,两种方法比较差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。126例大肠病变,其中肠息肉41例,肠癌40例,克罗恩病（CD）21例,溃疡性结肠炎（UC）19例,间质瘤5例,BCUS与肠镜对各病变的诊断符合率比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论  BCUS在大肠病变检出、定位准确性方面优于CTUS。BCUS与肠镜检查形成互补,有助于提高大肠疾病的诊断率,值得临床推广应用。

     

实时三维超声心动图评估阵发性房颤患者左房功能的研究

目的  探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评估阵发性房颤患者左心房功能的研究。方法  45例阵发性房颤患者为病例组,43例正常人为对照组。所有患者行常规超声心动图检查,获取左房径线、二尖瓣血流频谱E波和A波速度、E波与A波的速度比值（E/A）,应用组织多普勒获得二尖瓣瓣环室间隔侧、侧壁侧瓣环舒张早期速度峰值（Ve）、舒张晚期速度峰值（Va）。应用实时三维超声心动图采集动态图像,脱机分析计算左房最大容积（LAVmax）、左房最小容积（LAVmin）、左房收缩期前容积（LAVpreA）、左房储蓄容积（ARV）、左房主动排空容积（AEV）。结果  与正常对照组比较,阵发性房颤组的LA径线、VE、E/e、LAVmax、LAVpreA和LAVmin显著增大,而ARV/LAVmax、AEV/LAVpreA明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论  实时三维超声心动图检测证实阵发性房颤患者的左房的储备功能及辅助泵功能有明显障碍。

     

Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiology

Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system. They are predominantly expressed in enkephalin-expressing GABAergic striatopallidal neurons and therefore are highly relevant to the function of the indirect efferent pathway of the basal ganglia system. In these GABAergic enkephalinergic neurons, the A2A receptor tightly interacts structurally and functionally with the dopamine D2 receptor. Both by forming receptor heteromers and by targeting common intracellular signaling cascades, A2A and D2 receptors exhibit reciprocal antagonistic interactions that are central to the function of the indirect pathway and hence to basal ganglia control of movement, motor learning, motivation and reward. Consequently, this A2A/D2 receptors antagonistic interaction is also central to basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. However, recent evidence demonstrates that, in addition to this post-synaptic site of action, striatal A2A receptors are also expressed and have physiological relevance on pre-synaptic glutamatergic terminals of the cortico-limbic-striatal and thalamo-striatal pathways, where they form heteromeric receptor complexes with adenosine A1 receptors. Therefore, A2A receptors play an important fine-tuning role, boosting the efficiency of glutamatergic information flow in the indirect pathway by exerting control, either pre- and/or post-synaptically, over other key modulators of glutamatergic synapses, including D2 receptors, group I metabotropic mGlu5 glutamate receptors and cannabinoid CB1 receptors, and by triggering the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling cascade.     

Thermodynamic Estimate of the Number of Solvent Molecules Displaced by a Solute Molecule for Enthalpy-Driven Adsorption: Phenobarbital and Activated Carbons as the Model System

A Modified Crisp Equation, describing the differential Gibbs free energy of the adsorption process, is being proposed, which considers multiple sites available on the surface for adsorption and their relative fractions. The differential Gibbs free energy can be calculated by the van't Hoff Equation, which depends on the affinity constant in the Langmuir-like equation. To consider the number of solvent molecules displaced by a solute molecule in the adsorption process, a new derivative of the Langmuir-like equation is being proposed as well. By comparing the differential Gibbs free energies obtained from the 2 thermodynamic relationships, it can be determined that a phenobarbital molecule displaces 5 water molecules on the activated carbon surface for site-specific adsorption from solution. For the series of experimental conditions studied, including 4 activated carbons, pH effects, temperature effects, and solvent effects, the corrected differential Gibbs free energies using n₁ = 5 for site-specific adsorption are quite consistent between the 2 thermodynamic relationships. The difference between the estimates of the differential Gibbs free energies by the Modified Crisp Equation and the van't Hoff Equation provides a new experimental method to calculate the number of solvent molecules displaced by an adsorbing solute molecule.     

Iron deficiency beyond erythropoiesis: should we be concerned?

Objective: To consider the key implications of iron deficiency for biochemical and physiological functions beyond erythropoiesis.

Methods: PubMed was searched for relevant journal articles published up to August 2017.

Results: Anemia is the most well-recognized consequence of persisting iron deficiency, but various other unfavorable consequences can develop either before or concurrently with anemia. Mitochondrial function can be profoundly disturbed since iron is a cofactor for heme-containing enzymes and non-heme iron-containing enzymes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Biosynthesis of heme and iron-sulfur clusters in the mitochondria is inhibited, disrupting synthesis of compounds such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and nitric oxide synthase. The physiological consequences include fatigue, lethargy, and dyspnea; conversely, iron repletion in iron-deficient individuals has been shown to improve exercise capacity. The myocardium, with its high energy demands, is particularly at risk from the effects of iron deficiency. Randomized trials have found striking improvements in disease severity in anemic but also non-anemic chronic heart failure patients with iron deficiency after iron therapy. In vitro and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that iron is required by numerous enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair, and for normal cell cycle regulation. Iron is also critical for immune cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, and for specific cell-mediated effector pathways. Observational studies have shown that iron-deficient individuals have defective immune function, particularly T-cell immunity, but more evidence is required. Pre-clinical models have demonstrated abnormal myelogenesis, brain cell metabolism, neurotransmission, and hippocampal formation in iron-deficient neonates and young animals. In humans, iron deficiency anemia is associated with poorer cognitive and motor skills. However, the impact of iron deficiency without anemia is less clear.

Conclusion: The widespread cellular and physiological effects of iron deficiency highlight the need for early detection and treatment of iron deficiency, both to ameliorate these non-erythropoietic effects, and to avoid progression to iron deficiency anemia.