Bioavailability of oestradiol and oestriol administered orally to oophorectomized women

A bioavailability study was performed on ten oophorectomized women in a randomized cross-over design. The absorption of tablets containing 2 mg of micronized oestradiol and 1 mg of micronized oestriol (Estrofem®) was compared to the absorption of the same micronized hormones administered in an aqueous suspension. Serum concentration values of oestradiol, oestriol and oestrone were measured by radioimmunoassay. The data obtained were analyzed both by univariate and multivariate analyses, and neither the serum concentrations at the various sample times, the maximum concentrations, the times for the maximum concentrations, nor the areas under the serum concentration curves disclosed any significant differences between the tablet and suspension administrations at the 5% level. The serum concentration values achieved by giving 2 mg of oestradiol and 1 mg of oestriol were of the same magnitude or higher than those of the normal menstrual cycle.     

农村妇女就医选择行为的影响因素——基于2018年CFPS数据分析

目的 为引导农村妇女合理有序就医,本文基于计划行为理论框架探索其就医选择行为的影响因素。方法 运用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,采用二元Probit回归、Bootstrap抽样方法对农村妇女就医选择行为的影响因素进行研究。结果 农村妇女的就医选择行为受到其主观态度、结构性因素和知觉行为控制因素的正向影响（β = 0.403,0.388,0.096,P＜0.05）,医疗自付费用支出在农村妇女主观态度及其就医选择行为间起部分中介作用（β = 0.135,95%CI: 0.026～0.054）。 结论 农村妇女就医选择行为受到主观态度、结构性因素和知觉行为控制因素的影响,应加大健康教育宣传力度;合理统筹医联体医保政策;夯实农村基层首诊制度,推进基层医院家庭医生签约服务,提升农村基层医疗卫生服务利用效率,对农村妇女就医选择行为进行有针对性的干预。     

初次妊娠孕妇妊娠期缺铁性贫血及贫血程度的影响因素分析

目的探讨初次妊娠孕妇妊娠期缺铁性贫血及贫血程度的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月我院收治的980例初次妊娠孕妇的临床资料,依据是否出现缺铁性贫血分为对照组(未出现缺铁性贫血,800例)和观察组(出现缺铁性贫血,180例)。根据病情严重程度将观察组分为轻度组(血红蛋白100~109 g/L, 100例)、中度组(血红蛋白70~99g/L, 60例)和重度组(血红蛋白40~69 g/L, 20例),分析四组孕妇的临床特点,以及初次妊娠孕妇妊娠期缺铁性贫血与贫血程度的影响因素。结果两组的孕次、文化程度、家庭人均月收入水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。轻度组、中度组、重度组年龄≥35岁、膳食铁摄入差、孕前保健<3次占比均高于对照组(P <0.05)。经Logistic多因素分析显示,年龄≥35岁、膳食铁摄入差、孕前保健<3次均为妊娠期缺铁性贫血发生的危险因素(OR>1, P <0.05)。结论高龄、膳食铁摄入差、孕前保健次数少是引发妊娠期缺铁性贫血的危险因素。     

Exploratory Efficacy of Calcium-Vitamin D Milk Fortification and Periodontal Therapy on Maternal Oral Health and Metabolic and Inflammatory Profile

In this 2 × 2 factorial, outcome-assessor blinded, feasibility randomised trial we explored the effect of a non-pharmaceutical multi-component intervention on periodontal health and metabolic and inflammatory profiles among pregnant women with periodontitis receiving prenatal care in a Brazilian public health centre. 69 pregnant women (gestational age ≤20 weeks, T0) were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) fortified sachet (vitamin D and calcium) and powdered milk plus periodontal therapy during pregnancy (early PT) (n = 17); (2) placebo sachet and powdered milk plus early PT (n = 15); (3) fortified sachet and powdered milk plus late PT (after delivery) (n = 19); (4) placebo sachet and powdered milk plus late PT (n = 18). Third trimester (T1) and 6–8 weeks postpartum (T2) exploratory outcomes included periodontal health (% sites with bleeding on probing (BOP)), glucose, insulin, C-Reactive Protein, serum calcium and vitamin D. The mean BOP was significantly reduced in the early PT groups, while BOP worsened in the late PT groups. No significant effect of fortification on BOP was observed. Changes in glucose levels and variation on birthweight did not differ among groups This feasibility trial provides preliminary evidence for estimating the minimum clinically important differences for selected maternal outcomes. A large-scale trial to evaluate the interventions’ clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness is warranted.     

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Selected Lifestyle Elements among Young Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Northeast Poland: A Case-Control COVID-19 Survey

An appropriate balanced diet and dietary patterns are important at every stage of life, but in the case of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), it is especially crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess health and nutritional behaviors, mainly adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland among women with T1DM, and to compare them with a healthy population. This survey (based on a questionnaire) was conducted in December 2020 and included 219 young women, healthy (n = 106) and with T1DM (n = 113), from northeast Poland. Over 30% of the study group admitted that they did not engage in any physical activity. A large proportion declared that their screen time was 5–7 h a day (48% in control and 40% in T1DM group). High intakes of sweet-beverages, sweets and red meat, but also low intakes of olive oil, fish and nuts were observed. The vast majority of participants (60% vs. 71%) were moderately adherent to the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). The study demonstrated that despite the similarity between the behaviors of healthy people and those with T1DM, negative health and nutritional practices, such as low physical activity, long screen time, medium and high levels of stress and inappropriate eating habits were observed.     

Evaluation of Serum Zinc Status of Pregnant Women in the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS) 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum zinc status of pregnant women in the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS) in 2015–2016. Methods: A total of 7147 apparently healthy pregnant women were randomly selected in 302 national monitoring sites. Information on age, race, residence region, education, pregnancy, and family income per annum was collected, and the concentration of serum zinc was determined. The evaluation of serum zinc status was further performed according to the recommendations by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). Results: The median concentration of serum zinc was 858.9 μg/L with an interquartile range (IQR) of 712.9 μg/L and 1048.9 μg/L, while the overall prevalence of zinc deficiency was 3.5% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 3.0% and 3.9%. Serum zinc status of pregnant women changed greatly in the different categories, particular in pregnancy and family income per annum (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of zinc deficiency (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The lower prevalence of zinc deficiency generally indicated a better zinc status for pregnant women in the CACDNS in 2015–2016. However, a well-designed evaluation system of zinc status for pregnant women should be continually optimized and improved by inducing more parameters such as biochemical, dietary, or functional indicators.     

What Are the Maternal Factors that Potentially Intervenes in the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk?

Background: To evaluate the potential factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk of puerperal women. Methods: cross-sectional study, conducted between March 2016 and August 2017, with 107 women, selected in a Tertiary Health Care Tertiary Health Facility of the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected two months after delivery. The dependent variable of the study was the nutritional composition of human milk. We divided the independent variables into hierarchical levels: distal (age, schooling, parity and pregestational nutritional status), intermediate (number of prenatal visits and gestational weight gain) and proximal (alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension). For data analysis, we applied the multiple linear regression, centered on the hierarchical model. Only the variables associated with the nutritional composition of breast milk remained in the final model at a 5% level of significance. Results: The nutritional composition of human milk yielded by women with pregestational overweight, smokers and hypertensive had higher amounts of lipids and energy. Conversely, women with gestational weight gain below the recommended had lower amounts of these components. Conclusion: The evaluation of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist post-partum care practices. In this study, we observed that lipid and energy contents were associated to pregestational nutritional status, gestational weight gain, smoking and hypertension.     

晚孕期孕妇生殖道B族链球菌感染对母儿结局的影响

目的探讨晚孕期孕妇生殖道B族链球菌(GBS)感染的影响因素及其对母儿结局的影响。 方法选择2016年8月至2018年8月,在苏州高新区人民医院进行产前检查,并于35～37孕周时采取荧光定量PCR进行GBS DNA检测的1 149例晚孕期孕妇为研究对象。采用回顾性分析方法,将其分为研究组(n＝81,GBS DNA呈阳性)与对照组(n＝1 068,GBS DNA呈阴性)。对研究组GBS感染孕妇,采取产时抗菌药物预防(IAP)措施。收集2组受试者年龄、受教育程度、孕次、产次、流产史、分娩方式,分娩孕龄与人体质量指数(BMI)、血清维生素D含量,妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、胎膜早破与产后出血发生情况,以及研究组新生儿出生后第4周GBS感染随访结果,并采用成组t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、χ²检验等进行统计学比较。采用多因素非条件logistic回归分析,对晚孕期孕妇GBS感染影响因素进行分析。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年新修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,并通过苏州高新区人民医院伦理委员会审批(审批文号：[2016]伦审批第001号)。 结果①2组孕妇中,初产妇与经产妇构成比、流产史、GDM发生率、血清维生素D含量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而2组孕妇年龄、受教育程度构成比与分娩时BMI分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(t＝-2.004、P＝0.045,χ²＝69.972、P<0.001,t＝7.054、P<0.001)。②晚孕期孕妇GBS感染影响因素的多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,分娩时BMI≥25 kg/m²与受教育程度为高中及以下,均为晚孕期孕妇GBS感染的独立危险因素(OR＝2.901、6.137,95%CI：1.782～4.722、3.737～10.078,均为P<0.001)。③研究组孕妇产褥期感染、新生儿肺炎发生率分别为3.7%(3/81)与4.9%(4/81),分别显著高于对照组的0.8%(9/1 068)与1.0%(11/1 068),并且差异均有统计学意义(P＝0.047,χ²＝6.150、P＝0.013)。④研究组孕妇分娩的81例新生儿的出生后1周GBS阳性率为53.1 %(43/81),早发型GBS肺炎发生率为2.5%(2/81)。 结论分娩时孕妇BMI≥25 kg/m²与受教育程度为高中及以下,均为其GBS感染的独立危险因素。晚孕期孕妇GBS感染可导致其产褥期感染及新生儿肺炎发生率增高。     

广西地区50 975例孕妇无创产前筛查分析

目的探讨无创产前筛查(NIPS)在胎儿染色体非整倍体异常(CAA)及全基因组拷贝数变异(CNV)筛查中的临床应用价值。 方法选择2018年1月至2019年12月,广西壮族自治区60余家医疗机构采集血液样本后送至本院完成NIPS的50 975例单胎孕妇为研究对象。其分娩年龄为13~54岁,高龄孕妇(分娩时年龄≥35岁)为17 216例(33.77%),血样标本采集时,孕龄为10~36孕周。根据血清学筛查结果、孕妇年龄、妊娠史/家族史,将其分为高风险组[n＝22 852,血清学筛查结果高风险(+)、高龄孕妇(+)、不良孕产史/家族史者纳入(+),至少满足其中一项者],中风险组[n＝4 584,血清学筛查结果中风险/临界风险(+)、胎儿超声检查软指标异常(+),至少满足二者之一者]和低风险组(n＝23 539,无上述风险因素者)。对于NIPS提示高风险者,采用介入性产前诊断,进行胎儿G显带染色体核型分析及染色体微阵列分析(CMA)。本研究经广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院伦理委员会批准(审批文号：桂妇保院医伦审[2020]9-2号)。 结果①50 975例接受NIPS孕妇中,702例NIPS筛查结果显示高风险,高风险率为1.38%。其中21-、18-、13-三体高风险率分别为0.34%(175/50 975)、0.13%(67/50 975)和0.12%(63/50 975),性染色体非整倍体异常(SCA)高风险率为0.40%(205/50 975),罕见染色体数目异常(RCA)高风险率为0.19%(96/50 975),基因组拷贝数变异(CNV)高风险率为0.19%(96/50 975)。②在702例NIPS高风险者中,对555例(79.06%)孕妇进行胎儿染色体核型分析和(或)CMA,93例(16.76%)拒绝进行产前诊断,42例(7.57%)因为流产或已引产而未进行产前诊断,NIPS结果为高风险孕妇的失访率为1.71%(12/702)。555例接受介入性产前诊断的胎儿中,271例阴性胎儿的NIPS和介入性产前诊断结果基本一致,284例假阳性中,16例胎儿的介入性产前诊断结果为染色体异常,但与NIPS高风险结果不一致。③21-三体、18-三体、13-三体、SCA、RCA和CNV的阳性预测值分别为85.09%(137/161)、57.14%(28/49)、16.67%(9/54)、42.31%(66/156)、5.56%(4/72)和42.86%(27/63)。④16例经介入性产前诊断未检测到NIPS所提示的高风险结果,却检测到其他异常结果。其中,4例21-三体高风险胎儿中,3例检测到CNV,1例为21号染色体复杂的结构变异;1例18-三体高风险胎儿中,染色体核型分析结果提示为21-三体;2例13-三体高风险胎儿中,1例为染色体结构变异的嵌合体,另1例为CNV;3例SCA高风险和2例RCA高风险胎儿中,均检测到其他染色体的CNV;4例CNV高风险胎儿中,1例检测到47,XYY,3例为其他染色体的CNV异常。 结论NIPS对于21-、18-、13-三体等常见CAA的筛查具有较高临床实际应用价值。NIPS对于性染色体单体、RCA及CNV的筛查阳性预测值偏低,但是结合产前超声等相关检查,可为遗传咨询和进一步介入性产前诊断提供依据。     

孕产妇梅毒感染确诊时机影响因素

目的分析孕产妇梅毒感染确诊时机的影响因素及临床治疗效果。方法选择2017年9月-2019年9月于海口市妇幼保健院接受定期产检的孕产妇为研究对象,采用巢式病例对照研究方式将孕期确诊梅毒的80例孕妇纳入孕期确诊组,按1∶2比例匹配160例产期确诊梅毒的患者纳入产期确诊组;分析患者年龄、孕产次等临床资料,归纳孕产妇不同时期确诊梅毒感染的影响因素,并比较两组治疗效果。结果两组民族、户籍、文化程度、职业、孕次、梅毒分期、感染途径比较差异无统计学意义,但产次、子女数及性伴侣感染比例比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素分析结果显示产次、子女数、性伴侣感染是孕产妇不同时期确诊梅毒感染的影响因素(P<0.05);孕期确诊组不良妊娠结局发生率为22.50%(18/80)低于产期确诊组(P<0.001),先天性梅毒发生率为5.00%(4/80)低于产期确诊组(P<0.001)。结论产次、子女数、性伴侣感染是孕产妇不同时期确诊梅毒感染的影响因素,孕期确诊梅毒患者经治疗后具更低的不良妊娠结局风险及先天梅毒感染风险。