Due to the refractory and partial sensitive treatments to malignant cancers, immunotherapy has increasingly become a hotspot in effective anti-tumor research. However, at present, existing animal models could not accurately describe the interaction between human tissue and tumor cells for preclinical trials. Furthermore, it is a tough obstacle to reconstitute the immune system and microenvironment in a mouse model identical to humans due to species differences. In the establishment of the humanized mouse model, the co-transplantation of human immunocytes with/without tissues and tumor cells is the key breakthrough to solve this problem. The compelling progress has been investigated in the preclinical drug test for diverse tumor types. This review mainly summarized the development of immunodeficient mice, and the construction and practicability of the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the investigators also highlight the pros and cons, and recent progress in immunotherapy research for advanced utility of human cancer diseases. 相似文献
In this study, total body clearance (CLt), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) and plasma concentration–time profiles in humans of model compounds were predicted using chimeric mice with humanized livers.
On the basis of assumption that unbound intrinsic clearance (CLUint) per liver weight in chimeric mice was equal to those in humans, CLt were predicted by substituting human liver blood flow and liver weights in well-stirred model. Vss were predicted by Rodgers equation using scaling factors of tissue-plasma concentration ratios (SFKp) in chimeric mice estimated from a difference between the observed and predicted Vss. These physiological approaches showed high prediction accuracy for CLt and Vss values in humans.
We compared the predictability of CLt and Vss determined by the physiologically based predictive approach using chimeric mice with those from predictive methods reported by Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America. The physiological approach using chimeric mice indicated the best prediction accuracy in each predictive method.
Simulation of human plasma concentration–time profiles were generally successful with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating CLUint and SFKp obtained from chimeric mice.
Combined application of chimeric mice and PBPK modeling is effective for prediction of human PK in various compounds.
The first discovered human retrovirus, Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is responsible for an aggressive form of T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Mouse models recapitulating the leukemogenesis process have been helpful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this retroviral-induced disease. This review will focus on the recent advances in the generation of immunodeficient and human hemato-lymphoid system mice with a particular emphasis on the development of mouse models for HTLV-1-mediated pathogenesis, their present limitations and the challenges yet to be addressed. 相似文献
The isolation of human antibodies against muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR), the autoantigen involved in myasthenia gravis (MG), is important for the development of therapeutically useful reagents. Monovalent antibody fragments from monoclonal antibodies against the main immunogenic region (MIR) of AChR protect the receptor from the destructive activity of MG autoantibodies. Human anti-AChR alpha-subunit antibody fragments with therapeutic potential have been isolated using phage display antibody libraries. An alternative approach for obtaining human mAb has been provided by the development of humanized mice. In this report, we show that immunization of transgenic mouse strains with the extracellular domain of the human AChR alpha-subunit results in antibody responses and isolation of hybridomas producing human mAb. Four specific IgM mAb were isolated and analyzed. mAb170 recognized the native receptor the best and was capable of inducing AChR antigenic modulation, suggesting its specificity for a pathogenic epitope. Moreover, the recombinant antigen-binding (Fab) fragment of this mAb competed with an anti-MIR mAb, revealing that its antigenic determinant lies in or near the MIR. Finally, Fab170 was able to compete with MG autoantibodies and protect the AChR against antigenic modulation induced by MG sera. This approach will be useful for isolating additional mAb with therapeutic potential against the other AChR subunits. 相似文献
Adoptive transfer of donor‐derived cytolytic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) has evolved as a promising strategy to improve graft‐versus‐leukemia (GvL) effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation. However, durable clinical responses are often hampered by limited capability of transferred T cells to establish effective and sustained antitumor immunity in vivo. We therefore analyzed GvL responses of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)‐reactive CD8+ CTL with central and effector memory phenotype in a new allogeneic donor‐patient specific humanized mouse model. CTL lines and clones obtained upon stimulation of naive CD45RA+ donor CD8+ T cells with either single HLA antigen‐mismatched or HLA‐matched primary AML blasts, respectively, elicited strong leukemia reactivity during cytokine‐optimized short to intermediate (i.e., 2–8 weeks) culture periods. Single doses of CTL were intravenously infused into NOD/scidIL2Rcgnull mice when engraftment with patient AML reached bone marrow infiltration of 1–5%, clinically defining minimal residual disease status. This treatment resulted in complete regression of HLA‐mismatched and strong reduction of HLA‐matched AML infiltration, respectively. Most importantly, mice receiving AML‐reactive CTL showed significantly prolonged survival. Transferred CTL were detectable in murine bone marrow and spleen and demonstrated sustained AML‐reactivity ex vivo. Moreover, injections with human IL‐15 clearly promoted CTL persistence. In summary, we show that naive donor‐derived CD8+ CTL effectively combat patient AML blasts in immunodeficient mice. The donor‐patient specific humanized mouse model appears suitable to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of AML‐reactive CTL before adoptive transfer into patients. It may further help to identify powerful leukemia rejection antigens and T‐cell receptors for redirecting immunity to leukemias even in a patient‐individualized manner. 相似文献