临床医学专业学位博士研究生教育与专科医师规范化培训并轨改革方案指标体系构建研究

目的　探索临床医学专业学位博士研究生教育与专科医师规范化培训并轨改革方案。方法　采用文献分析法、专家访谈法初步构建并轨培养方案初步框架,通过专家咨询法确定最终指标体系。通过Excel 2010录入数据资料,利用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。结果　经过两轮专家咨询,从招生方式、培养资源、培养内容、培养方式、培养考核、质量监控这6个方面最终确定了临床医学专业学位博士与专科规范化培训医师并轨培养的框架,建立了包含6个一级指标、26个二级指标、72个三级指标的并轨培养方案指标体系。结论　通过科学地制定系统的培养方案,建立以岗位胜任力为核心培养内容和全方位考评体系,使用弹性学制,为开展临床医学专业学位博士研究生教育与专科医师规范化培训并轨改革提供了依据。     

神经外科住院医师规范化培训基地建设标准与探索

以新桥医院神经外科基地建设为例,围绕基地建设的要求和评估指标进行详尽分析和讨论,提出了神经外科基地建设的具体目标、举措和实施环节。研究通过对新桥医院神经外科基地建设的细化解读与实施方案,总结经验、克服不足,将有助于提高我国住院医师规范化培训基地建设。     

气管推移训练对颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术术后康复影响的研究

目的 探讨术前气管推移训练对颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者术后并发症及术后康复的影响。方法 回顾性分析江门市中心医院2017年1月到2021年7月行颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者205例的临床资料,其中行单节段颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者122例,行双节段颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者83例。单节段患者中62例为术前气管推移训练组,60例为对照组。双节段患者中45例为气管推移训练组,38例为对照组。观察和分析的指标包括术后饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑、咽喉疼痛时间、咽喉疼痛程度、术后声音嘶哑及术后吞咽困难。结果 205例患者全部顺利完成手术,无患者死亡。在单节段颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者中,气管推移训练组和对照组在术后饮水呛咳、术后声音嘶哑、术后吞咽困难等方面的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但气管推移训练组比对照组术后咽喉疼痛的时间更短,术后咽喉疼痛的程度更轻（P<0.05）。在双节段颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者中,气管推移训练组比对照组发生术后饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑、吞咽困难的患者更少（P<0.05）,术后咽喉疼痛的时间更短、程度更轻（P<0.05）。结论 颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者术前进行气管推移训练有利于患者术后的术后快速康复,增强患者的术后舒适感,尤其对双节段颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术的患者更加明显。     

Telepractice parent-implemented training and coaching in a rural area in the UK: Impact on mothers and their children with autism

BackgroundParent-implemented interventions are reported to have positive outcomes for both children with autism and their parents. Online parent training and coaching have been increasingly used as an effective alternative or supplemental to traditional face-to-face services, especially after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which parents of children with autism can implement a set of newly acquired strategies and the impact these had on their children’s communication skills.MethodFour mother–child dyads from a rural area in the UK participated in the study following a multiple-baseline design across strategies. Asynchronous training and synchronous coaching were provided, all online.ResultsThe present study extended the results of the original US based study it replicated (Meadan et al., 2016). Mothers learned to use the targeted naturalistic teaching strategies they were trained and coached in (i.e., i-PiCS- internet-based Parent-implemented Communication Strategies) and their children’s responsiveness and initiations of communication increased and were mostly maintained after the end of the study. Changes in the mothers’ use of strategies were observed in many cases even after training only, and the strategy of time delay was linked to increases in the children’s initiations of communication.ConclusionsThis replication study showed that i-PiCS is an appropriate intervention to use with mothers of children with autism in the UK and telepractice training and coaching can be a feasible and effective service delivery method.     

养老机构志愿者预立医疗照护计划培训效果评价

目的 开展养老机构志愿者预立医疗照护计划培训并评价其效果。方法 应用基于Bloom目标教学理论构建的养老机构志愿者预立医疗照护计划培训内容,结合《预立医疗照护计划》知识教育手册、《我的五个愿望》手册、案例视频等教具,通过角色扮演、案例讨论等方式对53名养老机构志愿者进行培训。培训前后使用养老机构志愿者预立医疗照护计划知信行及自我效能问卷对志愿者进行调查,根据志愿者角色扮演表现评价其预立医疗照护计划沟通技能。结果 培训前后志愿者预立医疗照护计划认知、态度、行为意愿及自我效能差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),培训后75.47%志愿者预立医疗照护计划沟通技能达合格及以上水平。结论 预立医疗照护计划培训能改善养老机构志愿者的预立医疗照护计划知信行及自我效能感,培养其预立医疗照护计划沟通能力。     

肿瘤科护士自杀“守门人”培训效果评价

目的 探讨肿瘤科护士自杀“守门人”培训效果,以提高护士预防患者自杀能力。方法 选择56名肿瘤科护士作为研究对象,成立培训小组,根据自杀“守门人”Living Works培训体系,参考自杀学和肿瘤心理学相关文献制订培训方案,并对其进行自杀预防基础知识概述、自杀风险评估、自杀干预训练、随访与事后成长4次培训。结果 培训后,肿瘤科护士的自我效能感、自杀警告信号意识总分及各维度评分显著高于培训前,且自杀预防知识正确率显著高于培训前(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 自杀“守门人”培训有利于提升肿瘤科护士的自我效能感,增强识别自杀警告信号能力,并提高肿瘤科护士的自杀预防知识。     

角色模拟培训对儿科低年资护士人文素养的影响

目的 探索角色模拟培训提升儿科低年资护士人文素养的效果。 方法 将儿科工作时间≤3年的低年资护士59人随机分为对照组（n=29）和观察组（n=30）。对照组按年度常规培训计划进行人文关怀及沟通培训,观察组在对照组基础上,进行为期2个月共8次的角色模拟培训。培训前后采用人文关怀能力量表、临床护士沟通能力量表测评培训效果。 结果 培训后观察组人文关怀能力、沟通能力总分显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。 结论 对儿科低年资护士进行角色模拟培训,可以有效提升护士的人文关怀能力及临床沟通能力。     

我国普通外科专科医师规范化培训历史、现状和展望

上海市普通外科专科医师规范化培训自2013年开始试行至今已有9年,作为毕业后医学教育的重要组成部分,其核心培养目标、培训内容、培训模式通过学习欧美国家的先进经验并结合自身特点而逐步形成了国内的标准和体系,对于专培医师职业胜任力的培养具有深远的意义,尤其是其考核模式成为专科医师规范化培训考核极为有益的创举和探索,也为全国范围内推广实施起到了引领作用和示范效应。目前,仍然需要正视在专科医师规范化培训实施过程中出现的问题和带来的困惑,及时认识和突破这些瓶颈并补上持之以恒的短板,从而进一步推动我国毕业后医学教育继续向前迈进。     

Effect of aerobic exercise and relaxation training on fatigue and physical performance of cancer patients after surgery. A randomised controlled trial

Fatigue is a frequent problem after surgical treatment of solid tumours. Aerobic exercise and psychosocial interventions have been shown to reduce the severity of this symptom in cancer patients. Therefore, we compared the effect of the two therapies on fatigue in a randomised controlled study. Seventy-two patients who underwent surgery for lung (n=27) or gastrointestinal tumours (n=42) were assigned to an aerobic exercise group (stationary biking 30 min five times weekly) or a progressive relaxation training group (45 min three times per week). Both interventions were carried out for 3 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the study, we evaluated physical, cognitive and emotional status and somatic complaints with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core Module (EORTC-QLQ-30) questionnaire, and maximal physical performance with an ergometric stress test. Physical performance of the training group improved significantly during the programme (9.4±20 watts, p=0.01) but remained unchanged in the relaxation group (1.5±14.8 watts, p=0.37). Fatigue and global health scores improved in both groups during the intervention (fatigue: training group 21%, relaxation group 19%; global health of both groups 19%, p for all 0.01); however, there was no significant difference between changes in the scores of both groups (p=0.67). We conclude that a structured aerobic training programme improves the physical performance of patients recovering from surgery for solid tumours. However, exercise is not better than progressive relaxation training for the treatment of fatigue in this setting.