基于临床治疗指南及共识的使用华法林住院患者用药分析与评价

目的：对某院使用华法林的住院患者进行用药分析和评价,并对其出院后复诊情况进行追踪,以更好地发挥华法林的治疗作用,减少不良反应的发生。方法：采用回顾性的分析方法,对某院2018年7月-12月使用华法林的住院患者用药进行分析,结合指南、共识对其用药情况进行分析评价。结果：共调取509份病例,华法林的使用主要分布于心血管内科、心血管外科、呼吸内科。华法林应用临床诊断主要为肺栓塞、心房颤动、肺动脉高压、静脉血栓等;住院患者华法林用量范围为0.625~9 mg,平均日剂量（2.99±1.11）mg;全院服用华法林后INR总体测定率为79%,将INR值以"<2.0"、"2.0~3.0"、">3.0"分布进行统计,INR2.0~3.0占比为33.17%,最高的为呼吸内科。26例（5.11%）患者住院期间INR达到4.5~10.0,38.46%使用维生素K进行拮抗;2例（0.39%）患者INR大于10,全部使用维生素K进行拮抗。在院期间合用其他抗凝药中,低分子肝素使用率最高的为骨外科,心血管外科,心血管内科;普通肝素使用率最高的为呼吸内科;阿加曲班使用率最高的为神经内科;利伐沙班使用率最高的为心血管内科,根据相关指南共识分析用药基本合理。患者出院后一周内及总复诊率最高的均为呼吸内科。复诊后INR分布在2.0~3.0占比最高的也为呼吸内科,与呼吸科临床药师药学监护及用药教育相关。结论：目前华法林临床应用仍不够规范,INR达标率偏低,出院后复诊率较低,抗凝药物转换过程中有不规范的问题,积极开展药师药学监护、用药教育及随访具有重要意义。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎临床合理用药专家共识

新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）疫情发生以来,全国医院药学工作者坚持医药协同,在保障药品供应的前提下,积极参与临床救治工作,加强对患者的用药教育和指导,有效提高药物治疗水平,改善临床救治效果。为更好地发挥药学服务在COVID-19疫情防控中的重要作用,中国药学会医院药学专业委员会特组织临床和药学专家,在《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》的基础上,参考国内外最新的诊疗方案和研究成果,并结合国内各地COVID-19患者的救治经验,制定出新型冠状病毒肺炎临床合理用药专家共识。本共识详细阐述COVID-19临床救治的九类用药,内容涵盖药物治疗作用、遴选原则、用法用量、不良反应及注意事项,以期为COVID-19临床用药提供参考。     

中国头颈黏膜黑色素瘤临床诊治专家共识

我国恶性黑色素瘤的发病率较欧美发达地区低,2009年上海市恶性黑色素瘤的发病率约为0.42/10万.但是由于我国人口基数大,因此临床上恶性黑色素瘤人数众多.2009年、2011年已经发布了2版《中国黑色素瘤诊治指南》,主要针对皮肤恶性黑色素瘤.在我国,黏膜恶性黑色素瘤是最常见的类型之一,但对黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的研究较少.而黏膜黑色素瘤的治疗手段和预后与皮肤黑色素瘤有许多不同.因此,制订符合我国国情的黏膜恶性黑色素瘤临床实践共识非常必要.     

Australian consensus guidelines for the safe handling of monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment by healthcare personnel

These consensus guidelines provide recommendations for the safe handling of monoclonal antibodies. Definitive recommendations are given for the minimum safe handling requirements to protect healthcare personnel. The seven recommendations cover: (i) appropriate determinants for evaluating occupational exposure risk; (ii) occupational risk level compared with other hazardous and non‐hazardous drugs; (iii) stratification of risk based on healthcare personnel factors; (iv) waste products; (v) interventions and safeguards; (vi) operational and clinical factors and (vii) handling recommendations. The seventh recommendation includes a risk assessment model and flow chart for institutions to consider and evaluate clinical and operational factors unique to individual healthcare services. These guidelines specifically evaluated monoclonal antibodies used in the Australian cancer clinical practice setting; however, the principles may be applicable to monoclonal antibodies used in non‐cancer settings. The guidelines are only applicable to parenterally administered agents.     

Identification of an updated set of prescribing-safety indicators for GPs

Background

Medication error is an important contributor to patient morbidity and mortality and is associated with inadequate patient safety measures. However, prescribing-safety tools specifically designed for use in general practice are lacking.

Aim

To identify and update a set of prescribing-safety indicators for assessing the safety of prescribing in general practice, and to estimate the risk of harm to patients associated with each indicator.

Design and setting

RAND/UCLA consensus development of indicators in UK general practice.

Method

Prescribing indicators were identified from a systematic review and previous consensus exercise. The RAND Appropriateness Method was used to further identify and develop the indicators with an electronic-Delphi method used to rate the risk associated with them. Twelve GPs from all the countries of the UK participated in the RAND exercise, with 11 GPs rating risk using the electronic-Delphi approach.

Results

Fifty-six prescribing-safety indicators were considered appropriate for inclusion (overall panel median rating of 7–9, with agreement). These indicators cover hazardous prescribing across a range of therapeutic indications, hazardous drug–drug combinations and inadequate laboratory test monitoring. Twenty-three (41%) of these indicators were considered high risk or extreme risk by 80% or more of the participants.

Conclusion

This study identified a set of 56 indicators that were considered, by a panel of GPs, to be appropriate for assessing the safety of GP prescribing. Twenty-three of these indicators were considered to be associated with high or extreme risk to patients and should be the focus of efforts to improve patient safety.     

《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》解读

【摘要】艰难梭菌（Clostridium difficile,CD）为人类肠道的条件致病菌,是医院和社区感染性腹泻的重要病原菌。随着抗生素的滥用及高毒力菌株027/NAP1/BI型的流行,艰难梭菌感染（CDI）的发病率不断上升,已引起世界范围的关注。2017年发表的《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》是首次针对CDI诊断和治疗的中国专家共识,在业界受到高度关注。本文就《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》中艰难梭菌感染的诊断、检测及治疗进行解读。     

A major new alliance in Australian healthcare: the Australian consensus framework for ethical collaboration in the healthcare sector

The 'Australian Consensus Framework for Ethical Collaboration in the Healthcare Sector' (ACF) is an Australian initiative aimed at countering dysfunction and growing mistrust in the health sector through the development of a cross‐sectoral consensus framework. The development of this framework arose from Australia's involvement in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperative (APEC) and has since become the largest of its kind internationally, with over 70 signatories representing professional bodies, industry organisations, hospital and health services associations, regulators and patient and advocacy groups. In this article, we describe and critique the framework and outline its implementation.     

肝细胞癌癌前病变的诊断和治疗多学科专家共识( 2020版)

肝癌目前占我国癌症死因的第二位。我国肝癌的发病特点大多遵循乙型肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌的“三步曲”模式。癌前病变的筛查在胃癌、大肠癌和宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤的诊治中已取得了显著的成果。肝硬化状态下的不典型增生结节具有较强的恶变潜能,尤其是高级别不典型增生结节癌变率极高。基于国内外在这一领域的研究成果和专家临床经验,《肝细胞癌癌前病变的诊断和治疗多学科专家共识(2020版)》经多学科协作对肝脏高级别不典型增生结节作为肝癌的癌前病变,从概念、筛查、诊断、治疗和随访等各方面进行了归纳和界定,旨在提出和建立肝癌癌前病变的概念和诊疗原则,为降低我国肝癌的发病率和提高肝癌的总体治疗效果作出贡献。     

《2019年美国预防医学工作组专家共识:胰腺癌的筛查》摘译

胰腺癌是一种罕见的癌症,年龄校正的年发病率为12.9例/10万人年。然而,胰腺癌的预后很差,死亡率为11例/10万人年。尽管其发病率很低,但胰腺癌是美国癌症死亡的第三大常见原因。由于胰腺癌发病率上升,以及其他类型癌症早期筛查和治疗技术的改进,胰腺癌可能即将成为美国癌症死亡的第二大原因。制订本共识的目的是更新2004年美国预防医学工作组(USPSTF)关于胰腺癌的筛查建议。USPSTF回顾了胰腺癌筛查的获益和风险,胰腺癌筛查试验的准确性,筛查检出或对无症状胰腺癌患者治疗的获益和风险等方面的证据。USPSTF认为目前没有证据表明对胰腺癌筛查或者对筛查检出患者的治疗可以改善疾病相关的发病率、死亡率或全因死亡率。有充足证据表明在无症状成年人中筛查胰腺癌基本没有获益。有充足证据表明胰腺癌筛查和对筛查检出患者进行治疗的风险至少在中度以上。USPSTF重申了先前的结论,在无症状成人中筛查胰腺癌的潜在获益未超过潜在风险。最终,USPSTF建议不对无症状成人进行胰腺癌筛查(D级推荐)(表1、2)。