轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸有限元模型构建及分析

目的　构建轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的有限元模型,验证该模型的有效性,并进行有限元分析。 方法　建立1例轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者第6颈椎至第5腰椎的有限元模型,从几何形态及力学两方面对该模型进行有效性验证。分析该有限元模型在模拟前屈、后伸、左侧屈、右侧屈、左旋转、右旋转6种运动状态下,各椎体的应力变化。 结果　成功构建了轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的有限元模型,模型总节点数为2561811个,总单元数为1547806个,并验证了该模型有效。模拟后伸、旋转活动时,畸形最明显处的椎体应力变化趋势与静态时相反。 结论　本实验所构建的轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸有限元模型有效,可进一步用于该疾病的相关研究。     

Surgical management of early-onset scoliosis: indications and currently available techniques

Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a heterogeneous group of spinal deformities affecting children under the age of 10 years of which the aetiology, natural history and treatment options vary considerably. In progressive EOS, treatment is based on exhausting conservative measures (casting or bracing) to halt curve progression while allowing for continuous growth of the spine and chest development. Early spinal fusion leads to loss of longitudinal spinal growth and restriction of cardiopulmonary function. In rapidly progressive curves that have failed conservative treatment a range of ‘growth-friendly’ surgical techniques have been developed to control curve deterioration. The indications and characteristics of distraction-based or compression-based methods, growth guidance and promising new techniques are discussed according to aetiology of EOS. Definitive spinal fusion remains reserved for patients ideally towards the end of their spinal growth and for short-segment treatment in congenital scoliosis.     

分期手术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂和脊髓拴系的安全性与近期疗效

目的:评估分期手术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂和脊髓拴系患者的安全性与近期疗效。方法 :回顾性分析我院2009年1月~2014年1月收治的66例先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂和脊髓拴系患者的临床资料。其中男20例,女46例,年龄17.2±4.5岁(7~26岁)。5例患者术前存在下肢神经功能障碍。脊柱侧凸冠状位主弯Cobb角97.6°±23.5°(50°~165°),主弯位于颈胸段1例,胸段58例,胸腰段7例。23例同时存在矢状位后凸畸形,Cobb角89.5°±13.9°(47°~165°)。伴有Ⅰ型脊髓纵裂45例,Ⅱ型脊髓纵裂21例,均合并脊髓拴系。所有患者均行分期手术治疗:Ⅰ型脊髓纵裂组患者一期切除骨性分隔、松解脊髓拴系,Ⅱ型脊髓纵裂组患者一期松解脊髓拴系;一期术后3~4周,二期行侧凸矫形手术。结果:一期手术时间208.7±107.2min(60~505min),术中出血量297.1±192.6ml(20~2000ml);二期手术时间392.6±150.7min(196~600min),术中出血量2158.8±1158.4ml(450~6000ml)。术前存在下肢神经功能障碍的5例患者中,1例术后下肢肌力提高2级,感觉功能有所恢复;其余4例术后神经功能无明显变化。2例术前神经功能正常患者二期术中出现脊髓损伤(3.0%,2/66),其中1例术后双下肢肌力降为4级,感觉稍减退,术后1周感觉、运动功能完全恢复正常;另1例术后双下肢肌力降低至2级,双下肢及会阴部感觉减退,经脱水、激素冲击治疗及高压氧治疗,术后1个月双下肢肌力恢复至3级,术后2年随访时双下肢肌力恢复至4级,双下肢残留轻度麻木感,大小便功能正常。4例(6.1%,4/66)患者二期术后并发胸腔积液。均获得随访,随访时间12.4±3.5个月(6~24个月)。随访期间未发现椎弓根螺钉松动及断裂现象。脊柱侧凸矫形术后冠状位Cobb角为41.6°±17.8°(12°~107°),矫正率为(61.3±14.3)%;末次随访时冠状位Cobb角为43.7°±16.6°(15°~108°),丢失率为(1.9±1.1)%。术后矢状位后凸Cobb角为38.4°±11.0°(2°~78°),矫正率为(67.6±23.4)%,末次随访时矢状位Cobb角为39.7±11.2°(3°~87°),丢失率为(2.3±1.3)%。结论:分期手术治疗合并脊髓纵裂和脊髓拴系的先天性脊柱侧凸具有较高的手术安全性,并可获得较满意的矫形效果。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。     

多维度评估对特发性脊柱侧凸进展高峰期的预测价值

目的:通过多维度评估特发性脊柱侧凸(idiopathic scoliosis,IS)患儿侧凸进展高峰期(peak angle velocity,PAV)的相应成熟度指标,探讨其对PAV的预测价值。方法:选取初诊时月经未至、Risser征0级,Y三角软骨未闭、以半年为周期随访至少5次且进展超过5°的女性IS患儿30例,初诊年龄为10.8±1.5岁(7.8~12.1岁)。随访时收集及测量的指标包括实足年龄、Y三角软骨闭合状态、Risser征、身高、主弯Cobb角和骨龄(digital skeletal age,DSA)评分。计算每个随访周期内的身高增长速度(height velocity,HV)和Cobb角增长速度(angle velocity,AV)。采用逻辑回归分析各维度指标对PAV的预测价值。结果:30例患儿的PAV年龄为11.8±1.3岁(10~15岁),PAV时的身高为150.7±4.8cm,DSA评分为479.4±56.5,主弯Cobb角为26.5°±7.2°,HV为8.3±3.7cm/年,AV为7.8°±5.2°/年。PAV主要发生于Risser征0级(80.0%)和1级(20.0%)。逻辑回归分析结果显示PAV的发生与实足年龄介于11~13岁之间(OR=3.166,P=0.032)、Y软骨闭合(OR=6.365,P0.01)、Risser征0级(OR=12.963,P0.01)、DSA评分介于400~500之间(OR=10.758,P=0.011)、HV6cm/年(OR=4.346,P=0.025)、Cobb角30°(OR=9.535,P=0.013)呈显著相关。结论:年龄介于11~13岁之间、Risser征0级伴Y软骨闭合、DSA评分介于400~500之间、HV6cm/年和Cobb角30°为女性IS患儿侧凸PAV的高危因素,可用于预测PAV的发生,评估侧凸进展风险。     

马方及类马方综合征脊柱侧凸与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肺功能障碍的差异性比较

目的:比较马方和类马方综合征脊柱侧凸(Marfan syndrome and Marfanoid scoliosis,MMS)患者与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者肺功能的差异及影响因素。方法:1999年9月~2013年4月我院收治的以胸弯(冠状面)为主的马方及类马方综合征脊柱侧凸患者共85例,其中年龄为11~19岁且临床资料完整的患者共40例(MMS组),男14例,女26例;收集患者术前肺功能指标,包括第1秒最大呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大用力呼气峰流量(PEF),数值采用实测值占预计值的百分比,分析肺功能指标与年龄、冠状面Cobb角、胸后凸Cobb角、胸弯柔韧度之间的关系。并与同期住院行脊柱侧凸矫形内固定术的相匹配的80例AIS患者(AIS组)的术前肺功能参数进行比较。采用曼-惠特尼U检验比较两组间的差异,并用Pearson相关性分析对两组患者肺功能指标与患者年龄及相关脊柱侧凸指标进行相关性分析。结果:MMS组患者中肺功能处于中、重度损害的比例(11/40)显著高于AIS组(5/80)(P0.05)。MMS组患者FEV1、FVC均明显小于AIS组患者(P0.05);PEF两组间差异无统计学意义。MMS组患者FEV1、FVC与冠状面Cobb角呈显著性负相关(r=-0.444、-0.524,P0.05);FEV1、FVC、PEF与年龄之间呈正显著性相关(r=0.363,0.326,0.348,P0.05);FVC与胸弯冠状面柔韧度之间呈显著性正相关(r=0.321,P0.05);FEV1、FVC与胸椎后凸角均无显著相关性。AIS组患者FEV1、FVC、PEF等指标与冠状面Cobb角呈显著性负相关(r=-0.338、-0.293、-0.253,P0.05);FEV1、PEF与年龄之间呈显著性正相关(r=0.286、0.341,P0.05);FEV1与胸后凸Cobb角之间呈显著性正相关(r=0.238,P0.05)。两组患者肺功能指标与相关指标间的相关性存在差异。结论:MMS患者肺功能损害较AIS患者严重,其肺功能主要受胸弯冠状面Cobb角、年龄共同影响。     

儿童下腰椎和腰骶段半椎体畸形冠状面平衡状况与外科矫形选择

目的:评估儿童下腰椎及腰骶段半椎体畸形冠状面平衡情况,分析不同外科矫形方式的选择和临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月~2013年12月我院收治的14例先天性脊柱侧凸患者,平均年龄7.8±3.3岁(3~10岁)。L4半椎体4例,L5半椎体7例,S1半椎体3例。根据术前冠状面平衡情况分为3组:A组冠状面平衡,C7铅垂线偏离骶骨正中平分线(CSVL)≤2cm;B组为C7铅垂线位于半椎体的对侧(偏离CSVL2cm);C组为C7铅垂线位于半椎体的同侧(偏离CSVL2cm)。所有患者均采用一期后路半椎体切除联合椎弓根螺钉内固定矫形植骨融合术式。矫形方式:A组中凸侧与凹侧撑开、压缩力均等;B组半椎体侧单纯压缩;C组增加L5/S1节段"反向"凸侧撑开、凹侧压缩的矫形操作。随访观察各组患者畸形矫正情况。结果:所有病例随访24~68个月,平均33±12个月。术前冠状面排列中平衡4例(29%),失平衡10例(71%)。术前冠状面Cobb角平均36.8°,末次随访时平均12.1°±8.0°(P=0.000),最终矫正率67.1%。术前的冠状面平衡为6~53mm,平均30.6±14.9mm,末次随访时冠状面平衡为0~44mm,平均10.7±10.9mm(P=0.001)。其中,A组患者4例,术前与术后均维持了冠状面平衡;B组患者6例,术后有1例患者冠状面仍然失平衡;C组患者4例,术后均恢复了冠状面平衡。结论:儿童下腰椎和腰骶段的半椎体畸形冠状面失平衡发生率较高,一期后路半椎体切除联合椎弓根内固定、结合不同冠状面排列情况采取恰当矫形方式,可能获得满意的冠状面平衡和临床疗效。     

后路半椎体全切钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形

目的：评价后路半椎体切除钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法采用后路一期半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗16例完全性半椎体畸形患儿,手术时年龄12～27（15．56±3．79）个月。术前侧凸 Cobb 角为32°～45°（38．35°±3．44°）,Bending 位侧凸26°～72°（53．26°±7．28°）。结果手术时间145～210（185±25）min,术中出血量220～580（375±58）ml,输血量300～480（450±38）ml;固定节段4～6（5．12±0．75）个椎体。患儿均获随访,时间13～26（18．5±3．2）个月。术后患儿站立位全脊柱正、侧位 X线片示侧凸 Cobb 角9°～15°（12．26°±2．06°）,平均矫正率68．4％;末次随访时侧凸 Cobb 角12°～20°（17°±1．56°）,丢失约5°,平均矫正率55．3％。术后伤口愈合不良1例,无神经系统并发症。结论采用一期后路半椎体切除、钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形,可直接去除致畸因素,在幼儿可获得良好的临床效果。     

Do Current Recommendations for Upper Instrumented Vertebra Predict Shoulder Imbalance? An Attempted Validation of Level Selection for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Background

Shoulder balance for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients is associated with patient satisfaction and self-image. However, few validated systems exist for selecting the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) post-surgical shoulder balance.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose is to examine the existing UIV selection criteria and correlate with post-surgical shoulder balance in AIS patients.

Methods

Patients who underwent spinal fusion at age 10–18 years for AIS over a 6-year period were reviewed. All patients with a minimum of 1-year radiographic follow-up were included. Imbalance was determined to be radiographic shoulder height |RSH| ≥ 15 mm at latest follow-up. Three UIV selection methods were considered: Lenke, Ilharreborde, and Trobisch. A recommended UIV was determined using each method from pre-surgical radiographs. The recommended UIV for each method was compared to the actual UIV instrumented for all three methods; concordance between these levels was defined as “Correct” UIV selection, and discordance was defined as “Incorrect” selection.

Results

One hundred seventy-one patients were included with 2.3 ± 1.1 year follow-up. For all methods, “Correct” UIV selection resulted in more shoulder imbalance than “Incorrect” UIV selection. Overall shoulder imbalance incidence was improved from 31.0% (53/171) to 15.2% (26/171). New shoulder imbalance incidence for patients with previously level shoulders was 8.8%.

Conclusions

We could not identify a set of UIV selection criteria that accurately predicted post-surgical shoulder balance. Further validated measures are needed in this area. The complexity of proximal thoracic curve correction is underscored in a case example, where shoulder imbalance occurred despite “Correct” UIV selection by all methods.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11420-015-9451-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.