视空间认知与脑血流速度的相关性研究

目的:探讨视觉空间认知活动对脑血流速度(CBFV)的影响及性别和任务完成质量对相对的CBFV变化的影响。方法:在完成视觉空间认知活动时及其先前的休息期,对45个正常的志愿者(右利手)用经颅超声多普勒(TCD)监测其双侧大脑中动脉血流速度的变化。结果:完成认知任务时与休息时期相比,所有认知任务的完成均诱导出双侧大脑中动脉血流速度的显著变化(P<0.001),这种变化显示出显著的右侧大脑半球偏侧化(P<0.01)。性别对认知活动所诱导的脑血流速度未产生显著的影响(P >0.05),任务表现质量(得分)对CBFV的变化不产生显著的影响。结论:视觉空间认知活动可诱导CBFV的右侧偏侧化。     

闭合性颅脑外伤患者事件相关电位的研究

目的：研究ERP对闭合性颅脑外伤患者脑认知功能变化的评估作用。方法：应用Medicid-03E脑诱发电位仪测定168例闭合性颅脑外伤患者的视觉（图像）、听觉诱发的P3波之潜伏期和波幅，并与正常对照组作比较，54例患者进行复测比较。结果：病人组P3潜伏期较正常对照组明显延长（P＜0．001），波幅降低；P3波潜伏期、波幅与患者病情严重程度相关；有原发昏迷者改变尤为突出；随着病情的好转，P3潜伏期逐渐缩短，波幅亦逐渐增高。结论：ERP是测定闭合性颅脑外伤患者脑认知功能变化的一项客观指标。     

Female specific risk factors for the development of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology and cognitive impairment: Call for a precision medicine approach

Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes a long asymptomatic stage, which precedes the formal diagnosis of dementia. AD biomarker models provide a framework for precision medicine approaches during this stage. However, such approaches have ignored the possible influence of sex on cognition and brain health, despite female sex noted as a major risk factor. Since AD-related changes may emerge in midlife, intervention efforts are being redirected around this period. Midlife coincides with several endocrinological changes, such as the menopausal transition experienced by women. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence for sex-differences in AD neuropathological burden and outline key endocrinological mechanisms for both sexes, focussing on hormonal events throughout the lifespan that may influence female susceptibility to AD neuropathology and dementia onset. We further consider common non-modifiable (genetic) and modifiable (lifestyle and health) risk factors, highlighting possible sex-dependent differential effects for the AD disease course. Finally, we evaluate the studies selected for this review demonstrating sex-differences in cognitive, pathological and health factors, summarising the state of sex differences in AD risk factors. We further provide recommendations for targeted research on female-specific risk factors, to inform personalised strategies for AD-prevention and the promotion of female brain health.     

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: mild and selective effects on learning

Background: Several studies have shown cognitive impairment in short-term memory, long-term memory and psychomotor speed in bipolar patients taking lithium. The aim of the study was to look at the effect of lithium in normal subjects (N=30) taking lithium for 3 weeks. A comprehensive battery was used to assess attention and memory. Methods: Subjects were randomized to double-blind treatment with either lithium (N=15) or placebo (N=15) for a 3-week period. Thirteen participants in the lithium group and 15 in the placebo group completed the study. The lithium and placebo were administered twice daily in doses varying from 1050 to 1950 mg (mean=1569 mg). The initial daily dose was calculated according to the Pepin formula to achieve a blood serum lithium level of about 0.8 mmol/l. Cognitive performance (attention, memory) was assessed in each subjects during three periods, i.e. at baseline, after 3 weeks of lithium or placebo, and 2 weeks after discontinuation of study medication. Results: In short-term memory tasks, the performance of subjects in the lithium group was worst 3 weeks after lithium treatment compared to 2 weeks after discontinuation. In long-term memory, a significantly higher number of words was recalled by the placebo group but not the lithium group. Conclusions. Lithium may have an effect on learning when long-term explicit memory test are administered repeatedly. It means that the practice effect when a subject performs the same task several times is less in the lithium-treated group than in the placebo group. This practice effect is related to the learning of a task.     

Dose-response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: II. Psychomotor performance,cognition and mood

The psychomotor, cognitive, and mood effects of orally administered diazepam and placebo were measured over 3.5 h. A total of 120 volunteers were assigned to 12 groups of 10 each, representing the combination of four treatments (placebo, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg diazepam) and three testing sessions (7 AM, 1 PM, and 7 PM). A variety of cognitive tasks, tapping and postural stability tests, and a mood evaluation scale were used. Psychomotor and cognitive functions showed consistent dose-response effects, while for subjective evaluations, the only effect of dose level was in the duration of sedation. The pattern of impairment of cognitive functions suggests that the drug affects speed rather than accuracy, and it primarily blocks acquisition of new information or skills. Use of repeated testing may therefore be necessary to detect subtle drug effects. Subjects reported no tranquilization, which suggests that the anxiolytic action of the drug cannot be studied in healthy volunteers. There was no circadian influence on the actions of the drug.     

Associations Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index,Brain Volume,Small Vessel Disease,and Global Cognitive Function

BackgroundAn inflammatory diet is related to poorer cognition, but the underlying brain pathways are unknown.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine associations between the Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and brain volume, small vessel disease, and cognition in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignThis is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data from the Cognition and Diabetes in Older Tasmanians study.Participants/settingsThis study included 641 participants (n = 326 with T2DM) enrolled between 2005 and 2011 from Tasmania, Australia.Main outcome measuresThe E-DII was computed from the 80-item Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies, version 2. Brain volumes (gray matter, white matter, and white matter hyperintensities), infarcts, and microbleeds were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Global cognition was derived from a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests.Statistical analysisLogistic and linear regressions were performed to examine associations between E-DII and brain measures and a global cognitive score, adjusting for demographics, energy, T2DM, mood, ambulatory activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. An E-DII × T2DM interaction term was tested in each model.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 69.8 (7.4) years. There were no associations between the E-DII and any of the brain structural measures or global cognitive function in fully adjusted models. There was a modification effect for T2DM on the association between E-DII and gray matter volume (T2DM: β = 1.38, 95% CI –3.03 to 5.79; without T2DM: β = –4.34, 95% CI, –8.52 to –0.16), but not with any of the other outcome measures.ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, E-DII was not associated with brain structure or global cognition. In 1 of the 7 outcomes, a significant modification effect for T2DM was found for the associations between E-DII and gray matter. Future prospective studies are needed to clarify the associations between diet-related inflammation and brain health.     

重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新型冠状病毒肺炎的认知、行为和健康教育需求调查

目的 调查分析重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知水平、行为表现和健康教育需求现状,为提高健康教育宣传效果提供理论依据。方法 于2020年3月6日00：00至24：00通过问卷星平台对涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知、行为和健康教育需求进行了滚雪球抽样和方便抽样调查,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行χ²检验和二元Logistic逐步回归分析。结果 调查收回有效问卷12 980份,调查的城市农村人数比为2.19∶1,男女性别比为1∶1.90,调查对象的年龄以37~55岁居多,占67.55%。54.95%调查对象为高认知水平,64.48%调查对象行为表现良好。Logistic回归分析结果显示：常住地为城市（OR=1.372）,女性（OR=1.256）,学历为高中或专科（OR=1.977）、本科及以上（OR=3.149）,职业为公务员及事业单位人员（OR=1.284）、教师（OR=1.530）的认知水平较高;女性（OR=1.114）,学历为高中或专科（OR=1.217）、本科及以上（OR=1.225）,家庭中有医务人员（OR=1.213）、高认知（OR=1.968）的行为表现较好。调查对象主要通过微信（90.49%）、网络媒体（87.55%）和电视（82.56%）获取健康教育信息;对疾病知识（85.40%）、防护措施（84.53%）和防控措施（78.71%）的需求均较高。结论 在本次新冠肺炎突发公共卫生事件一级响应中,重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知水平和行为表现有待进一步提高。在今后的健康教育工作中,应当把农村地区人群、低学历人群和学生作为健康教育工作的重点人群。     

公众对临床试验的认知、实践与态度的调查研究

目的评价公众的临床试验的认知、实践与态度。方法采用匿名的横断面在线调查,共收集702份18岁以上中国公众的有效调查问卷。结果在702名被调查者中,有84.2%听说过临床试验,但是仅有6.0%作为受试者参与过药物临床试验。83.6%的被调查者知道“受试者的隐私和个人信息应该得到充分保护”,仅48.4%的被调查者知道“患者也可以参与设计和发起符合自己需要的临床试验”。41.7%的被调查者“愿意作为志愿者参加临床试验”。回归分析表明“工作/专业领域”“是否作为受试者参与过药物临床试验”“是否有亲人朋友作为受试者参与过药物临床试验”是影响公众参与临床试验意愿的显著因素。结论公众对临床试验的认知程度尚可,但是对于以患者为中心的临床试验发展趋势认识较低。公众的临床试验参与意愿较低,并且受自身专业背景以及相关经历影响很大。有必要开展针对公众的临床试验科普活动,积极发展临床试验公益团体,提升公众临床试验认知水平和参与积极度。     

少数民族地区青少年对新冠疫情的认知调查

目的调查少数民族地区青少年对新冠疫情的认知及应对情况。方法采用分层抽样的方法,通过“问卷星”在线平台对香格里拉市1949名在校学生进行调查。结果结果显示,81.94%的学生在2020年1月初之前已知晓疫情;83.12%的学生通过电视和微信知晓疫情;9333%的学生认为病毒通过飞沫传播;94.80%的学生会通过戴口罩、不聚餐等方式进行防护;疫情相关知识的正确率为71.44%。不同年龄、性别、民族、专业、生源地、家庭年收入的学生对部分调查问题的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学生对疫情认知整体情况较好,部分问题仍有较大提升空间。学校应做好疫情常态化防控,完善心理疏导体系,多措并举,引导学生做好自我防护。