Management of Low Compliant Bladder in Spinal Cord Injured Patients

Low bladder compliance means an abnormal volume and pressure relationship, and an incremental rise in bladder pressure during the bladder filling. It is well known that at the time bladder capacity decreases, intravesical pressure increases, and the risk of upper deterioration increases. Hypocompliance is usually thought to be the range from 1.0 to 20.0 mL/cmH₂O. Though the exact cause of hypocompliance is not known, it may be caused by changes in the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the bladder, changes in detrusor muscle tone, or combinations of the two. Management aims at increasing bladder capacity with low intravesical pressure. The main is a medical therapy with antimuscarinics combined with clean intermittent catheterization. The results are sometimes unsatisfactory. Various drugs or agents through the mouth or the bladder, including oxybutynin, new antimuscarinics, capsaicin and resiniferatoxin were tried. Among them botulinum toxin‐A is promising. Some patients eventually required surgical intervention in spite of the aggressive medical therapy. Finally most patients undergo the surgical treatment including autoaugmentation, diversion, and augmentation cystoplasty. Among them augmentation cystoplasty still seems the only clearly verified treatment method.     

The additional value of ambulatory urodynamic measurements compared with conventional urodynamic measurements

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVES

To study the additional diagnostic value of ambulatory urodynamic measurements/monitoring (AUM) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed the urodynamic data, collected at the urology department of our University Hospital between 2002 and 2007. During this period, 2393 urodynamic investigations were conducted. In 108 patients both conventional urodynamic measurements (CUM) and AUM were conducted.

RESULTS

In 25 patients an AUM was conducted for bladder evacuation problems due to absent bladder contractility, seen on CUM. In 21 cases, AUM showed the presence of contractility of the bladder under normal conditions at home. Their symptoms were due to other factors such as a concomitant non‐relaxation of the urinary sphincter or pelvic floor, psychological reasons or obstruction, for all of which treatment could be initiated. In 32 cases, the indication for AUM was an inconclusive CUM. Of these patients 16 had clear overactive contractions on AUM.

CONCLUSION

AUM has a more important place in the second‐line diagnostic evaluation of patients with LUTS than generally considered. In half of the cases (16 of 32) in which CUM could not provide a diagnosis, AUM helped us to diagnose overactive bladder. Moreover, in the absence of AUM, many patients would have been misdiagnosed with an acontractile bladder based on their CUM results, which would most probably have resulted in life‐time clean intermittent self‐catheterization.     

雄犬功能尿道重建预防前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁的研究

目的探索预防前列腺根治术后尿失禁的新方法及其尿动力学依据。方法20条雄犬随机分成两组,A组切除前列腺及远端2.0cm后尿道,B组切除前列腺及远端2 cm后尿道,用宽度为正常尿道周径,长度为1 cm膀胱前壁带蒂肌管代替功能尿道,术前及术后1月行尿动力学检查,并观察雄犬尿失禁情况。结果术后尿动力学指标及尿控率B组明显优于A组。结论膀胱前壁带蒂肌管功能尿道重建术是预防前列腺根治术后尿失禁可供选择的方法。     

原位胃代膀胱与原位回肠代膀胱的比较研究

目的比较胃、回肠原位代膀胱术后临床效果及并发症。方法回顾分析我科从2001年3月至2008年5月84例膀胱癌全膀胱切除+原位胃、回肠代膀胱术患者的临床资料、实验室检查、影像学检查、尿动力学检查、膀胱镜检查结果。其中,胃代膀胱44例,回肠代膀胱40例。结果随访4～78个月,所有患者经尿道排尿,未发生水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱,肾功能正常,无肾积水、输尿管扩张。胃代膀胱:容量290～530ml,平均395ml,排尿间隔时间2～4.8h,平均3.2h,最大尿流率12.8～26.2ml/s,平均18.4ml/s,充盈期膀胱压5～15cmH2O,平均10cmH2O;44例白天均能自控排尿,夜间遗尿8例,8例均出现不同程度尿道灼痛;残余尿10～110ml,平均36ml;尿pH4.5～6.7,平均5.8;尿路感染13例;膀胱镜检查见胃黏膜光滑平整、色泽稍苍白,未见溃疡。回肠代膀胱:容量350～550ml,平均426ml,排尿间隔时间2～4.6h,平均3.4h,最大尿流率13.5～26ml/s,平均18.8ml/s,充盈期膀胱压6～15cmH2O,平均10cmH2O,40例白天均能自控排尿,夜间遗尿5例,残余尿10～150ml,平均38ml,尿pH6.0～7.2;尿路感染35例次,其中4例拔除尿管后出现上尿路感染、高热。膀胱镜检见较多肠黏液,肠黏膜光滑平整、色泽稍苍白,未见溃疡。结论胃、回肠原位膀胱均能获得较满意的贮尿功能,多数患者术后能满意控尿。术后各相关生理指标基本正常。回肠代膀胱术后发生尿路感染明显多于胃代膀胱,胃代膀胱术后尿pH降低可致尿道灼痛。     

经腹超声下测量之膀胱重量对前列腺增生膀胱出口梗阻的临床意义

目的探讨经腹超声下测量之膀胱重量(ultrasound estimated bladder weight,UEBW)对前列腺增生膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)的临床意义及与尿动力学指数的相关性。方法来我院就诊的50例有下尿路症状的前列腺患者(排除神经、内分泌系统疾病,无下尿路外伤与手术史)分为膀胱出口梗阻组(B组)和非膀胱出口梗阻(NB组)及对照组(NC组)。比较组间的年龄、IPSS、UEBW、最大尿流率(Qmax)、最大尿流率时膀胱压力的差异。再比较这些参数之间的差异及相关性。UEBW通过将膀胱假想成球体,测量膀胱壁厚度及膀胱体积以计算。结果UEBW:B组(48.6±17.8)g,NB组(29.5±4.7)g,NC组(24.4±4.6)g。B组与NB组及NC组相比较P均小于0.001。结论UEBW可作为一种非侵袭性的诊断膀胱出口梗阻的指标,在临床上有广泛的应用价值。     

简易尿动力学检查临床应用的可行性研究

目的探讨护士用自制简易膀胱容量与压力测定(以下简称简易尿动力学检查)了解膀胱容量与压力关系的可行性,为评价神经源性膀胱的护理、间歇性清洁导尿及膀胱训练效果提供依据。方法对60例膀胱功能正常留置尿管患者分别采用简易尿动力学检查与尿动力学检测仪测量,比较两种测量方法有无差异,并将结果进行相关性分析,以探索简易尿动力学检查临床应用的可行性。简易尿动力学检查参照早年没有压力传感器时,通过持续灌注与间断测压由水压计测得压力的方法。结果两种方法测量患者不同膀胱容量时的压力值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两结果相关性分析结果显示两者具有较好的相关性,r值为0.78～0.94(P<0.05)。结论简易测压法易操作、易推广,代替尿动力学仪进行测量有一定的可行性,在一般医院缺乏尿动力学检查设备时,可帮助护士正确判断膀胱容量、压力、残余尿量,指导患者进行科学的排尿训练,并可作为康复护理疗效的评价标准,值得在临床推广应用。     

犬脊髓损伤痉挛性膀胱动物模型的建立及尿动力学分析

目的:探讨犬脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱模型的建立。方法:12只成熟雄性比格犬,在T10水平硬膜外夹闭脊髓,制作脊髓损伤模型。用尿动力学检测分析造模术前及术后每周的最大膀胱容量、膀胱压力、膀胱顺应性和尿道压力,直到模型成功。结果:12只犬死亡2只,其余10只造模成功,造模成功时尿动力学指标如下:与术前相比最大膀胱容量减少,膀胱顺应性下降,膀胱压力上升,其差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);尿道压力与术前相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。造模成功时间为2—5周,其中5只为2周,1只为3周,2只为4周,2只为5周。结论:犬痉挛性膀胱模型符合骶上脊髓损伤后的膀胱表现,适用于痉挛性膀胱的研究。     

前列腺中叶增生与膀胱出口梗阻程度的相关性分析(附131例报告)

目的:分析良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者中叶增生大小与膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)程度之间的相关性。方法:对2008年5月~2010年6月因排尿困难就诊的BPH患者131例,通过经腹超声测定前列腺三径和前列腺突入膀胱的距离(IPP),尿动力学检查测定最大尿流率(Qm ax)、最大尿流率时的逼尿肌压力(Pdet@Qm ax),利用L in-PURR图判断梗阻级别和逼尿肌收缩力,并计算出AG值(AG=Pdet@Qm ax-2Qm ax)。不同IPP梗阻程度的比较采用方差分析,并对前列腺体积(PV)、IPP与AG值进行相关性分析。结果:当IPP>10 mm时,IPP与BOO高度正相关(相关系数r=0.821,P<0.01)。PV与BOO相关度较低(r=0.475,P<0.01)。IPP与Pdet@Qm ax高度正相关(r=0.865,P<0.01)。结论:前列腺中叶增生与BOO存在高度相关性,超声测定中叶突入膀胱的距离是判断BOO程度较为可靠的方法。