Neutrophil activation in acute human central nervous system injury

Abstract

Endothelial cell dysfunction may contribute to cerebral vasospasm and aggravation of ischemic brain damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been suggested that oxyhemoglobin derived from subarachnoid blood clots might be a prime candidate for cerebral vasospasm. In this study, cisternal bloody cerebrospinal fluid (bCSF) was collected from SAH patients four and seven days after aneurysmal rupture, and the effects of bCSF on the cell growth and intracellular calcium ion ([Ca²⁺]_i) dynamics were investigated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CSF collected from patients undergoing other intracranial surgeries was used as a control. Pre-treatment with bCSF4 significantly facilitated cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the cultured endothelial cells, and significantly enhanced histamine- induced [Ca²⁺]_i increase, while acute treatment of the bCSF elicited no [Ca²⁺]_i change. Pre-treatment with interleukin-1β showed a similar significant enhancement of the histamine-induced [Ca²⁺]_i response, while pre-treatment with high concentrations of serum or interleukin-6 did not change the [Ca²⁺]_i response. It is concluded that bCSF collected from SAH patients contains some substances which enhance endothelial cell proliferation and sensitivity to inflammatory mediator. [Neurol Res 2000; 22: 588-596]     

Hyperexcitability of inferior colliculus neurons caused by acute noise exposure

Noise exposure is one of the most common causes of hearing loss. Recent studies found that noise exposure‐induced cochlear damage may change the excitability and tonotopic organization of the central auditory system (CAS). This plasticity was suspected to be related to tinnitus and hyperacusis. However, how cochlear damage affects CAS function and causes these neurologic diseases is still not clear. CAS function is activity dependent, so we hypothesize that a restricted cochlear lesion might disrupt the balance of excitation and inhibition in the CAS and thereby affect its neural activity. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of narrow‐band noise exposure on the firing properties of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), which has complex neural circuits and plays an important role in sound processing. We found that noise exposure (20 kHz, 105 dB SPL, 30 min) caused a dramatic decrease of the characteristic frequency in about two‐thirds of high‐frequency neurons with/without causing a significant threshold shift. The noise exposure also caused an increase in firing rate of the low‐frequency neurons at suprathreshold levels, whereas it dramatically decreased the firing rate of the high‐frequency neurons. Our results suggest that acute high‐frequency noise exposure may increase low‐frequency responsiveness by causing hyperexcitability of low‐frequency neurons. The functional change of the low‐frequency neurons may be related to the disruption of side‐band inhibition at the noise exposure frequencies caused by cochlear damage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

由中华神经科杂志相关文献总结中国内地临床神经病理的发展与成就

目的 认识中国内地55年来临床神经病理领域的发展与成就.方法 回顾性查阅中华神经科杂志自1955年创刊至2009年12月期间与临床神经病理相关的文献;统计不同时期神经疾病及临床神经病理文献总数,并计算临床神经病理文献所占百分比;统计不同时期尸检与活体组织检查病理文献比例;统计各时期神经病理文献前5位疾病类型;并与JNNP(J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry)同期相关文献进行比较.结果 (1)1955-1959年、1960-1969年、1970-1979年、1980-1989年、1990-1999年、2000-2009年临床神经病理文献占同期中华神经科杂志文献总数百分比分别为18.11％ (65/359)、20.81％(103/495)、17.05％ (22/129)、15.50％(230/1484)、11.58％(176/1520)、16.04％ (309/1927),其变化趋势差异有统计学意义(趋势x2=7.977,P=0.005);但与JNNP同期临床神经病理文献百分比变化趋势相比差异无统计学意义.(2)1955-2009年不同时期尸检病理文献占同期临床神经病理文献总数的百分比呈逐渐下降趋势;1980-2009年中华神经科杂志刊载的尸检神经病理文献的百分比较JNNP逐渐减少,变化趋势差异有统计学意义.(3)不同时期神经病理文献中排前的疾病类型是:1955-1989年为肿瘤、感染性疾病及脑血管病;1990-2009年肌肉疾病则成为神经病理文献的主要疾病类型;与JNNP刊载的临床神经病理文献比较,中华神经科杂志刊载的疑难罕见疾病和神经变性疾病的临床病理文献相对较少.结论 神经病理研究在临床神经科学中占有重要地位,中国内地临床神经病理的主要发展成就在于对肿瘤、脑血管病、感染性疾病以及肌病等常见疾病有了较深入地研究与认识.但近年来尸检病理的匮乏制约了我们对神经变性疾病和一些疑难罕见神经疾病的深入研究与认识.     

喹诺酮类药物对老年患者神经系统影响的观察与护理对策

目的：由于老年患者使用喹诺酮类药物后神经系统反应率高且严重,为了提高老年患者喹诺酮类药物用药后的生活安全展开研究。方法：通过3年时间对135例使用喹诺酮类药的70岁以上老年患者,观察药物对其神经系统产生的影响,对不同神经系统症状出现的比例进行分析。结果：发现70岁以上老年患者神经系统反应的发生率高达13.51%,而且存在多种反应同时出现的问题,对患者的生活安全造成非常大的影响,有跌倒、坠床、意外伤害等风险暴露。结论：护理人员通过细致全面的护理观察、护理人员培训、强化安全宣教、提供个性化的安全护理措施,最大程度的及早发现安全隐患,不但保障了老年患者住院期间的安全而且对患者出院后的安全也起到了一定的警示作用。     

生酮饮食抑制炎症反应机制的研究进展

生酮饮食可用于治疗一些炎症诱导的癫痢性综合征,其机制复杂,主要通过多个靶点发挥抑制病原体、控制炎症、调节免疫等作用.动物模型研究发现,生酮饮食喂养可明显缩短局部炎症引起的红、肿、热的时间,并降低循环中花生四烯酸的水平.研究表明,生酮饮食主要通过抑制Nod样受体蛋白3炎症小体、核因子kappa B和氧自由基的释放,提高过氧化物酶增殖体激活型受体γ的水平,共同达到抗炎的效果.该文对生酮饮食的抗炎机制及其临床应用的进展作一综述.     

Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the inner ear and middle ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media

Conclusion: Significant expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor (CD74) was observed in both the middle ear and inner ear in experimental otitis media in mice. Modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its signaling pathway might be useful in the management of inner ear inflammation due to otitis media.

Objectives: Inner ear dysfunction secondary to otitis media has been reported. However, the specific mechanisms involved are not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the middle ear and inner ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media.

Method: BALB/c mice received a transtympanic injection of either lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The mice were sacrificed 24?h after injection, and temporal bones were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, histologic examination, and immunohistochemistry.

Results: PCR examination revealed that the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice showed a significant up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in both the middle ear and inner ear as compared with the PBS-injected control mice. The immunohistochemical study showed positive reactions for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in infiltrating inflammatory cells, middle ear mucosa, and inner ear in the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice.     

极低出生体质量儿早期规范补铁的临床观察

目的探讨早期规范补铁对极低出生体质量儿病情转归的影响,以避免发生不可逆的神经系统损伤。方法选择2014年6月-2015年12月在防城港市第一人民医院住院的极低出生体质量儿76例为研究对象,按数字表法随机分为试验组38例和对照组38例,对照组予常规治疗,按指南补铁;试验组也予常规治疗,同时按血清铁(SI)、血清铁蛋白(SF)和总铁结合力(TIBC)水平早期补铁。观察两组感染控制时间、新生儿神经行为评分(NBNA)恢复情况。结果试验组总有效率为84.21%高于对照组的65.79%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.047,P<0.05)。试验组感染控制时间、NBNA恢复时间、住院时间、住院费用[(6.71±2.47)d、(77.53±9.11)d、(23.63±8.86)d、(19 829.95±12 855.04)元]等均少于对照组[(10.47±3.68)d、(77.66±8.67)d、(31.03±15.35)d、(28 405.82±15 213.96)元],差异均有统计学意义(t=-5.728、-3.933、-2.615、-2.636,均P<0.05)。结论早期规范补铁对极低出生体质量儿病情转归有较好的促进作用,有助于神经系统的发育,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用。     

Hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy: effects on skin temperature and systemic vasoconstriction

OBJECTIVE: To compare skin-surface cooling caused by the application of an ice bag (15min) and the projection of carbon dioxide microcristals (2min) under high pressure (75 bar) and low temperature (-78 degrees C), a modality called hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with repeated measure. SETTING: Laboratory experiment. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve healthy male subjects (mean +/- standard deviation, 22.9+/-1.8y). INTERVENTIONS: Ice bag and hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy were randomly applied on the skin of the nondominant hand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Skin temperature of the cooled (dorsal and palmar sides) and contralateral (dorsal side) hands were continuously measured with thermistor surface-contact probes before, during, and after (30min) cooling. RESULTS: Hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy projection induced a large decrease (P<.05) of the dorsal skin temperature of the cooled hand (from 32.5 degrees +/-0.5 degrees C to 7.3 degrees +/-0.8 degrees C) and a significant decrease of the skin temperature of the palmar side and of the contralateral hand. The skin temperature of the dorsal side of the cooled hand was decreased with an ice bag (from 32.5 degrees +/-0.6 degrees C to 13.9 degrees +/-0.7 degrees C, P<.05). However, the lowest temperature was significantly higher than during hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy, and no significant changes in the other skin temperatures were observed. Rewarming was equal after the 2 modalities, highlighting a more rapid increase of the skin temperature after hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperbaric gaseous cryotherapy projection decreased the skin temperature of the cooled and contralateral hand, suggesting a systemic skin vasoconstriction response. On the other hand, the vascular responses triggered by ice pack cooling appeared limited and localized to the cooled area.     

鱼鳞病合并神经系统疾病

目的 探讨鱼鳞病合并神经系统疾病的临床特征及可能机制。方法 回顾性分析8例鱼鳞病合并神经系统疾病患者的临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果 合并中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病3例．癫痫3例，Sojgren-Larsson综合征1例，中枢性尿崩症1例。结论 鱼鳞病可合并神经系统疾病，其机制尚不明了，可能与发生学和遗传学有关。