颅内静脉窦血栓形成临床分析

目的 回顾总结颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床资料,概述其临床特征。方法 分析总结1990－2000年北京协和医院和北京铁路总医院收治的颅内静脉窦血栓形成13例。结果 本组患者占住院病人总数的0．05‰,发病年龄13－50岁,男女之比为10：3,RSA检查敏感性较高,药物治疗对降低颅内效果不佳。结论 为协助诊断,发病≤2周者可行CR或MRI＋MRA检查,发病2－4周者宜行增强CT或MRI检查,发病＞4周者或经CT、MRI／MRA检查未能确诊者应行DSA检查。     

呼气末正压对不同血容量状态猪颅高压模型颅内压和脑氧代谢影响的实验研究

目的观察不同血容量状态下颅高压的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)猪模型,增加呼气末正压(PEEP)后,其血流动力学状态、颅内压(ICP)及脑氧分压(PtiO2)的变化。方法选取雄性14~16月龄巴马小型猪12头,随机数字表法随机分成低血容量组和正常血容量组。建立ARDS和颅高压模型。自5 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)水平逐步增加PEEP 5 cmH2O,直至25 cmH2O。采用重复测量的方差分析,并应用Sidak法进行多重比较和P值的校正。结果随着PEEP逐渐增加,正常血容量组ICP逐渐升高,而低血容量组ICP逐渐下降;当PEEP在5、10、15 cmH2O时,两组间ICP值分别为(25.83±1.47)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)比(27.00±1.63)mmHg、(27.33±1.75)mmHg比(27.67±2.21)mmHg、(28.83±1.72)mmHg比(27.5±2.06)mmHg,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.793、0.227、0.906,P值均>0.05);当PEEP在20、25 cmH2O时,两组间ICP值分别为(31.33±2.07)mmHg比(26.5±3.35)mmHg、(31.67±2.94)mmHg比(25.83±3.67)mmHg,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.284、3.964,P值均<0.01)。随着PEEP逐渐增加,两组PtiO2均逐渐下降,其中低血容量组下降更明显;在各PEEP水平时,两组间PtiO2值分别为(19.83±2.64)mmHg比(14.33±3.50)mmHg、(18.67±2.50)mmHg比(12.33±3.88)mmHg、(17.67±3.88)mmHg比(10.67±3.88)mmHg、(15.33±2.34)mmHg比(9.17±3.54)mmHg、(13.67±3.61)mmHg比(6.67±2.73)mmHg,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.333、3.319、3.668、3.231、3.668,P值均<0.05)。结论PEEP对血流动力学、颅内压、脑代谢作用受不同容量状态的影响。低血容量状态下,PEEP逐渐上升,其心输出量、血压和PtiO2下降更明显。     

The evaluation of intracranial bypass patency in neurosurgical practice

BackgroundThe patency of cranial bypasses must be carefully evaluated during and after the microsurgical procedure. Although, several imaging techniques are used to evaluate the patency of bypasses, their findings are sometimes difficult to interpret.PurposeThe goal of this study was to assess the consistency of different diagnostic modalities for evaluating intracranial bypass patency.Patients and methodThis prospective study included 19 consecutive patients treated with EC-IC or IC-IC bypass for MoyaMoya disease (MMD) or complex/giant aneurysms between June 2016 and June 2018. In the early postoperative period (< 7 days), all patients had transcranial Doppler (TCD), CT angiography (CTA) and MRA to demonstrate patency of anastomoses and to confirm exclusion of the aneurysm. When findings of anastomosis patency differed between these techniques, conventional angiography was performed.ResultsAll anastomoses were patent on indocyanine green videoangiography at the end of microsurgical procedure. The results of noninvasive postoperative exams were consistent to demonstrate the patency of anastomoses in 13 patients. In 4 patients, a discrepancy in patency of anastomoses arose between TCD, CTA and MRI in the early postoperative period. In 2 other patients, the interpretation of bypass patency remained inconclusive before the decision to occlude the aneurysm. In these 6 patients, a significant edema was noted in 2 cases, a postoperative subdural hematoma in 1 case, a low flow in the anastomosis in 1 case and vasospasm in 2 cases. The anastomosis was patent on the conventional angiography in five patients.ConclusionNoninvasive imaging techniques provide useful data about the patency but their findings should be carefully interpreted due to local anatomical, physiological, and pathological factors. In case of discrepant findings, conventional angiography including supraselective catheterization of the donor vessel is suggested.     

Hematoma subdural intracraneal tras punción dural accidental: caso clínico

Intracranial subdural hematoma is a rare, but potentially lethal complication of neuraxial procedures. Considering the high frequency of neuraxial techniques in the obstetric population, parturients are more susceptible to this fearful complication. The diagnosis is often masked and delayed because it shares similar clinical characteristics with posdural puncture headache, with headache being the most common symptom. This case report describes a timely diagnosis and successful management of an intracranial subdural hematoma, after unintentional dural puncture during labour epidural analgesia. Postpartum headache following epidural analgesia, remains a clinical challenge for the caring team, requiring a close follow-up and awareness for non-benign causes that require prompt management, avoiding devastating consequences.     

直径>5 cm的真性巨大脾动脉瘤诊治分析

目的探讨直径>5 cm的真性巨大脾动脉瘤的临床诊治特点。方法回顾性分析2013年5月至2019年11月收治的3例直径>5 cm的真性巨大脾动脉瘤患者的临床资料,并回顾相关文献。结果男性1例,女性2例,平均年龄60岁。腹痛、腹胀表现1例,左上腹部搏动性包块1例,查体发现1例;2例合并门脉高压症,女性患者均有2次妊娠史,1例左上腹触及搏动性包块,3例患者均行腹部强化CT检查。1例行介入支架腔内隔绝+瘤腔弹簧圈栓塞术;1例行开腹脾动脉瘤切除+脾切除术,术中出血少,未输血;1例行开腹脾动脉瘤切除+脾切除+脾静脉瘤切除+胆囊切除术,术中出血约400 ml,输注红细胞6 U,血浆600 ml。3例均治疗成功,无围术期死亡发生。介入治疗者随访2年3个月,无不适。手术者1例随访6年,预后较好,另1例失访。结论直径>5 cm的真性巨大脾动脉瘤罕见,具有独特的临床特征,手术切除仍是其主要且有效的治疗方法,预后较好。     

The intracranial branch; A rare anatomical variation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve; Case report

IntroductionThe recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) originates from the Vagus nerve intrathoracically. It passes through the tracheoesophageal groove (TEG) in the neck and different variations in this section were observed. The RLN is at highest risk for injury during the thyroid surgery. Therefore, it is important to know variations to decrease the injury effectively.Presentation of caseA 50 years-old woman with no thyroid related complaints except for enlargement of the thyroid gland in recent 12-months that annoyed her during neck movement and for aesthetic features. Medical, surgical, drugs, irradiation history, laboratory data, and physical examination was unremarkable except for multi-lobulated enlarged thyroid gland. The CT scanning study revealed intrathoracic extension of the gland. Patient underwent total thyroidectomy with suspicious diagnosis of multinodular goiter which was confirmed later by pathologic study. Intraoperative exploration of the right RLN discovered an intracranial branch originating from the recurrent laryngeal trunk just beneath the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) at the level of the nerve intersection. The branch then passed laterally about 1 cm and penetrated in ipsilateral carotid sheath.DiscussionThe RLN has different anatomical variations in either the right or the left side of the neck. However extra-laryngeal nerve branching is the most common variation but other seldom variations including the non-RLN, and intracranial branch should be mentioned by surgeon intraoperatively.ConclusionTo decrease iatrogenic injuries to RLN and its associated nerve branches knowledge of the nerve anatomy is mandatory for surgeon to prevent morbid side effects.     

Effects of thiopental on resistance vessels in cat skeletal muscle

Barbiturates are used clinically as anaesthetics and to reduce raised intracranial pressure. One side effect is hypotension, usually ascribed to a depression of cardiac contractility, while their effects on the resistance vessels are more controversial: both vasodilation and vasoconstriction have been described. This study analyzes the effects of thiopental on basal vascular tone in the cat skeletal muscle. We found that total resistance increased by almost 20% at low (50mol/l) and decreased down to about 50% of control at high (350 mol/l) plasma concentrations of thiopental. The vasoconstriction dominated in the large arterioles (i.d. >25 m) and the vasodilation in the small arterioles (i.d. <25 m). A dosedependent inhibition of myogenic vascular reactivity (here defined as the maximum resistance increase to a transient rise in transmural pressure) coincided with the vasodilation. Autoregulation of blood flow was depressed by thiopental. During vasoconstriction there was a net transcapillary fluid absorption and during vasodilation a net fluid filtration. The fluid movements could be ascribed to variations in capillary hydrostatic pressure. If applicable to the cerebral circulation these results suggest that thiopental at high plasma concentrations might induce, instead of reduce, interstitial brain oedema.     

脑动脉瘤栓塞疗法完美实施的基础

目的：探索栓塞疗法治疗脑动脉瘤达到理想结果的条件。方法：１９９６年４月至２０００年４月间栓塞治疗３３例动脉瘤患者。以球囊栓塞４例,以机械解脱式钨丝弹簧圈栓塞２０例,以电解脱式铂金弹簧圈栓塞９例。结果：闭塞载瘤动脉４例,１００％闭塞８例,９５％闭塞１５例,９０％闭塞６例。无手术并发症。随访（门诊或信访）３３例无再出血。造影随访８例,其中术后１个月复查造影的２例均保持术后栓塞程度,术后３个月复查的３例     

Intracerebral haemorrhages in surfactant treated neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome: age at diagnosis,severity and risk factors

Within a randomized European multicentre trial the time of onset, severity and progression of intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) were investigated prospectively by serial cranial ultrasonography in 343 ventilated infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) following instillation of single or multiple doses of a natural porcine surfactant (Curosurf). In 148/343 infants (43%) ICH was diagnosed (grade I or II: 22%, grade III or IV: 21%). In 26 cases (8%) ICH was present on the ultrasound scan prior to surfactant instillation at a median age of 6h. Incidence and severity of ICH was similar after single- or multiple-dose surfactant treatment. Using a logistic regression model the following risk factors predictive of ICH were defined: low birth weight, allocation to certain hospitals, vaginal delivery, Apgar score6, rectal temperature on admission 36°C, primary anaemia, acidosis prior to treatment, RDS grade IV in pre-treatment chest films and poor response to surfactant treatmentOur study provides supportive evidence that multiple doses of Curosurf do not increase the risk for ICH as compared to single-dose administration.A preliminary report of this work was presented at 8th International Workshop on Surfactant Replacement, Oslo, Norway, May 21 1993. The study was supported by grants of the German government (BMFT 93 607 27) and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft He 2072: 1–2). The surfactant used in the trial was prepared ang tested in Stockholm with the skilful technical assistance of Elin Arvesen, Bim Linderholm. Eva Lundberg, Gunhild Nilsson and Petru Popa (supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 3351) and Oscar II:s Jubileumsfond)Dedicated to the memory of Edgar (Eddi) Laufkötter, one of the most active trial collaborators, who died under tragic circumstances on April 10, 1994.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑积水

目的：探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后脑积水的类型、ＣＴ表现和治疗原则。方法：回顾分析１９８４年６月至１９９７年１２月经手术治疗的２１例动脉瘤性ＳＡＨ后脑积水情况,分别对动脉瘤发生部位、大小、ＳＡＨ次数、Ｈｕｎｔ－Ｈｅｓｓ分级和临床症状进行了统计和分析。结果：治疗后良好１４例,轻残２例,重残２例,死亡３例。结论：脑积水是动脉瘤性ＳＡＨ后的常见并发症之一,对预后有直接的影响。急性梗阻性脑积水以脑室外引流治疗最为有效,慢性交通性脑积水的治疗以脑室腹腔分流为宜