福建省结核分枝杆菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列基因分型研究

目的 了解福建省结核分枝杆菌的多位点可变数目串联重复序列基因分型(MLVA)的特征.方法 选择15个可变数目串联重复位点(VNTR),检测福建省30个耐药监测点临床分离的结核菌株,结果使用BioNumerics (Version 4.5)软件进行聚类分析.结果 313株结核菌被分为9个基因群(Ⅰ～Ⅸ),分别包含220、9、48、2、1、3、10、10、10株菌,以Ⅰ群为主(70.3％,220/313);Ⅰ群菌株异烟肼、链霉素、乙胺丁醇和耐多药的耐药率与其他基因群的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但利福平(RFP)耐药率为33.2％(73/220),明显高于其他群菌株RFP的耐药率20.4％(19/93),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 福建省结核分枝杆菌菌株存在明显的基因多态性,以Ⅰ群菌株为主,并与RFP耐药性具有相关性,应加强此类菌株流行的监测.     

不同服药方式抗结核固定剂量复合剂的疗效与不良反应分析

目的 对不同服药方式抗结核固定剂量复合剂(FDC)进行比较,为中国抗结核FDC的推广提供政策依据.方法 以中国卫生部-盖茨基金会结核病防治项目7个项目省41个项目县(区、旗)为研究现场,采取观察性研究方法,共纳入4907例初治肺结核患者,使用卡方检验比较了不同服药方式下患者不良反应发生情况和治疗转归情况.结果 患者中男性占66.8％ (3279/4 907),农民占75.6％ (3711/4907),初中及以下文化程度者占84.1％ (4128/4907),平均年龄(48.49±19.08)岁,平均体重(55.93±8.74) kg.患者治疗过程中不良反应总体发生率为21.5％ (1055/4907),不同服药方式下不良反应总体发生率的差异无统计学意义(x2=1.713,P=0.190),但隔日治疗组胃肠道不良反应发生率较高(x2=6.141,P=0.013);初治涂阳肺结核患者治愈率为94.7％ (2896/3059),隔日治疗组患者治愈率较高(x2=11.791,P=0.001),初治涂阴肺结核患者完成治疗率为95.1％ (1758/1848),两组间差异无统计学意义(x2=2.152,P=0.142).结论 每日治疗方案在治疗转归和不良反应发生率方面与隔日治疗方案相当,但由于其可以降低胃肠道不良反应,改善患者依从性,因此更适宜在中国抗结核FDC推广中使用.     

全球结核病患病率宏观影响因素分析

目的从宏观角度分析探讨影响结核病患病率的因素,为控制结核病疫情提供依据。方法收集全球214个国家结核病及相关因素共15个指标,采用描述性分析、线性回归和广义线性模型进行单因素和多因素分析。结果结核病患病率与15~64岁年龄组构成比、≥65岁年龄组构成比、男性比例、人均医疗卫生支出、15~49岁人口艾滋病病毒感染率和不同国家之间存在统计学相关性(P0.01),与城镇人口比例之间不存在相关性(P0.05)。随着人均医疗卫生支出的增加,结核病患病率会随之降低;随着15~49岁人口艾滋病病毒感染率的升高,结核病患病率会随之增加。结论为了降低结核病患病率,各国应增加人均医疗卫生支出的投入,积极控制艾滋病的传播,加强结核病患者的病例发现工作。     

Pilot Evaluation of the Ability of Men Who Have Sex with Men to Self-Administer Rapid HIV Tests,Prepare Dried Blood Spot Cards,and Interpret Test Results,Atlanta, Georgia, 2013

In the United States, an estimated 67% of new HIV diagnoses are among men who have sex with men (MSM), however 25% of HIV-positive MSM in the 2014 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Survey were unaware of their infection. HIV self-testing (HIVST) with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may facilitate access to HIV testing. We evaluated the ability of 22 MSM to conduct two HIV RDTs (OraQuick ^® In-Home HIV Test and a home-use prototype of Sure Check ^® HIV 1/2 Assay), interpret sample images of test results, and collect a dried blood spot (DBS) specimen. While some participants did not follow every direction, most participants were able to conduct HIVST and correctly interpret their results. Interpretation of panels of RDT images was especially difficult when the “control” line was missing, and 27% of DBS cards produced were rated as of bad quality. Modifications to the DBS instructions were necessary prior to evaluating the performance of these tests in real-world settings.     

不同细菌学与病理学检查技术对骨关节结核诊断的效能研究

目的:回顾性分析脓液标本细菌学检测技术和组织标本病理学检测技术诊断骨关节结核的检测效能。方法:以2016年1月至2018年12月在北京胸科医院住院治疗的213例送检同部位脓液和组织标本进行检测的疑似骨关节结核患者作为研究对象,取新鲜脓液标本进行涂片染色镜检、GeneXpert MTB/RIF(GeneXpert)检测、实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测和BACTEC MGIT 960液体培养(MGIT 960液体培养);组织标本经石蜡包埋后进行抗酸染色镜检和FQ-PCR检测。结果:根据骨结核临床诊断综合参考标准(CRS),186例纳入患者诊断为骨关节结核,其中124例为确诊结核患者,23例为高度疑似结核患者,39例为疑似结核患者;27例患者排除骨关节结核。与CRS比较,脓液标本涂片镜检、MGIT 960液体培养、FQ-PCR、GeneXpert以及组织标本抗酸染色和FQ-PCR检测的敏感度分别为28.7%(49/171)、49.0%(48/98)、58.1%(25/43)、87.5%(161/184)、48.6%(90/185)和85.4%(146/171);特异度分别为100.0...     

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in China

China is one of the countries with the highest burdens of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant tuberculosis (TB) globally. Nevertheless, knowledge about the prevalence and molecular characterization of FQ-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from this region remains scant. In this study, 138 M. tuberculosis isolates determined by the agar proportion susceptibility method to be resistant to ofloxacin (OFX) were enrolled from a national drug resistance survey of China. All these strains were tested for susceptibility to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and sparfloxacin using liquid Middlebrook 7H9 medium. The entire gyrA and gyrB genes conferring FQ resistance were sequenced, and spoligotyping was performed to distinguish different genotypes. Overall, the prevalence of resistance in China was highest for ofloxacin (3.76%), intermediate for levofloxacin (3.18%) and moxifloxacin (3.12%), and lowest for sparfloxacin (1.91%) and gatifloxacin (1.33%). Mutations in the gyrA gene were observed in 89 (64.5%) out of the 138 OFX-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Positions 94 and 90 were the most frequent sites of mutation conferring FQ resistance on these strains, accounting for high-level FQ resistance. Furthermore, the Beijing genotype showed no association with high-level FQ resistance or distribution in hot spots in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA. Our findings provide essential implications for the feasibility of genotypic tests relying on detection of mutations in the QRDR of gyrA and the shorter first-line treatment regimens based on FQs in China.     

Reaching Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Comparison of Respondent-Driven Sampling and Time-Location Sampling in Guatemala City

We present a comparison of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and time-location sampling (TLS) for behavioral surveillance studies among men who have sex with men (MSM). In 2010, we conducted two simultaneous studies using TLS (N = 609) and RDS (N = 507) in Guatemala city. Differences in characteristics of the population reached based on weighted estimates as well as the time and cost of recruitment are presented. RDS MSM were marginally more likely to self-report as heterosexual, less likely to disclose sexual orientation to family members and more likely to report sex with women than TLS MSM. Although RDS MSM were less likely than TLS MSM to report ≥2 non-commercial male partners, they were more likely to report selling sex in the past 12 months. The cost per participant was $89 and $121 for RDS and TLS, respectively. Our results suggest that RDS reached a more hidden sub-population of non-gay-identifying MSM than TLS and had a lower implementation cost.     

我国耐药结核病的危险因素——2007年全国结核病耐药基线调查资料分析

目的 探索新登记、复治患者发生耐药、耐多药结核病的危险因素。 方法2007年4-12月中国进行了全国结核病耐药基线调查,调查覆盖全国31个省、自治区和直辖市,以省分层,采用多阶段整群抽样方法从全国结核病防治系统中随机抽取70个调查点,调查期间每个调查点纳入新登记涂阳新患者51例和复治患者17例。临床医师采用信息表收集患者的相关信息,通过当面询问患者填写治疗史信息,如有可能查阅患者医疗记录进行确认,治疗信息的准确性经另一位临床医师再次询问患者进行复核。采用比例法进行药敏试验,检测药物包括异烟肼、利福平、链霉素、乙胺丁醇、卡那霉素和氧氟沙星。 结果 多因素分析结果表明,对于新登记、治疗时间少于1个月(OR=1.6, 95% CI＝1.1～2.1)发生耐药结核病的风险较高;而女性（OR=1.4, 95% CI＝1.0～2.1）和进行过结核病药物治疗（OR=2.4, 95% CI＝1.5～3.7）是发生耐多药结核病的危险因素。对于复治患者,女性（OR=1.7,95% CI＝1.1～2.7）、既往有过2次及以上治疗且最近1次在结核病专科医院治疗（OR=4.0, 95% CI＝1.2～14.0）发生耐药结核病的风险较高;而女性（OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.5～3.6）、生活在实施DOTS较晚（2000年以后）的地区（OR=1.7, 95% CI＝1.2～2.4）、既往有过2次及以上治疗且最近1次在结核病专科医院外的其他医疗机构治疗（OR=3.3, 95% CI＝2.1～5.2）、既往有过2次及以上治疗且最近1次在结核病专科医院治疗（OR=13.0, 95% CI＝3.9～46.0）是产生耐多药结核病的危险因素。 结论 进行过结核病治疗的新登记产生耐药、耐多药结核病的风险较高;患者为女性、既往有过2次及以上的结核病治疗史是复治患者产生耐药、耐多药结核病的危险因素。