Australian beef industry worker’s knowledge,attitudes and practices regarding Q fever: A pilot study

BackgroundQ fever is a vaccine-preventable zoonotic infection with potentially severe health outcomes and high economic costs that affects agricultural workers, including beef and cattle industry workers, however this population historically have sub-optimal vaccine uptake.ObjectiveTo gather quantitative and qualitative pilot data from Australian beef industry workers on their knowledge, attitudes and practices around Q fever and Q fever vaccination.MethodsA mixed methods approach was used to ascertain the Q fever disease risk perception and vaccination behavior of a purposive convenience sample of beef industry workers attending an industry expo in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia between May 7th and 9th, 2018.ResultsThe quantitative survey response rate was 83% (n = 86). More than 70% of respondents reported exposure to known Q fever risk factors. Eighty six percent were aware of Q fever, the self-reported uptake of Q fever vaccine was 27% and 9% reported undertaking testing which showed evidence of previous infection. Five main themes emerged from the qualitative data: “Finding the time” among other life priorities to attend a doctor for a vaccine; “Employer responsibility” to provide the vaccine; “My doctor knows me” and could suggest Q fever vaccination; “Assigning Risk” across a range of attitudes, including thinking it would not happen to them, ‘fatalism’, and knowing the danger but taking the risk anyway; and “The Need for Outreach” vaccine delivery services in their communities.SignificanceThese data suggest that a coordinated public health approach to testing and vaccine provision, coupled with an awareness campaign among regional doctors to prompt them to routinely ask patients about their Q fever risk and vaccination history, should form part of a broad approach to Q fever control and prevention.     

一种基于NASBA技术的新型快速肠道病毒检测方法的应用研究

目的: 基于核酸等温扩增技术(nucleic acid sequence-based amplification,NASBA)荧光分子信标探针检测技术,进行肠道病毒的快速检测与辅助诊断?方法:根据Genebank上肠道病毒5′端非编码区序列,设计特异性引物与捕获探针,应用纳米技术对商品化磁珠进行偶联,NASBA方法进行扩增,NucliSens读数仪检测,荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行验证,同时验证NASBA方法的特异性?灵敏度和重复性?结果:该方法对肠道病毒具有高度特异性,与RSV等呼吸道相关病毒均无交叉反应,反应体系具有很高的稳定性?结论:本研究应用的肠道病毒NASBA检测方法特异?灵敏?快速简便,适用于肠道病毒的日常监测和爆发疫情的应急诊断?     

经济学方法在疫苗预防传染病中的应用与评价

对疫苗经济学在科学制定和评价疫苗免疫策略和防病效果方面的重要作用进行阐述,分析近几年来疫苗经济学评价方法和模型的实践与成效、存在的问题和改进意见,并提出未来疫苗经济学评价的发展方向。     

Can cost utility evaluations inform decision making about interventions for low back pain?

Background contextLow back pain (LBP) is associated with high health-care utilization and lost productivity. Numerous interventions are routinely used, although few are supported by strong evidence. Cost utility analyses (CUAs) may be helpful to inform decision makers.PurposeTo conduct a systematic review of CUAs of interventions for LBP.Study designSystematic review.MethodsA search strategy combining medical subject headings and free text related to LBP and health economic evaluations was executed in MEDLINE. Cost utility analyses combined with randomized controlled trials for LBP were included. Studies that were published before 1998, non-English, decision analyses, and duplicate reports were excluded. Search results were evaluated by two reviewers, who extracted data independently related to clinical study design, economic study design, direct cost components, utility results, cost results, and CUA results.ResultsThe search produced 319 citations, and of these 15 met eligibility criteria. Most were from the United Kingdom (n=8), published in the past 3 years (n=12), studied chronic LBP or radiculopathy (n=13), and had a follow-up >12 months (n=13). Combined, there were 33 study groups who received a mean 2.1 interventions, most commonly education (n=17), exercise therapy (n=13), spinal manipulation therapy (n=7), surgery (n=7), and usual care from a general practitioner (n=7). Mean baseline utility was 0.57, improving to 0.67 at follow-up; the mean difference in utility improvement between study groups was 0.04. Based on available data and converted to US dollars, the cost per quality-adjusted life year ranged from $304 to $579,527, with a median of $13,015.ConclusionsFew CUAs were identified for LBP, and there was heterogeneity in the interventions compared, direct cost components measured, indirect costs, other methods, and results. Reporting quality was mixed. Currently published CUAs do not provide sufficient information to assist decision makers. Future CUAs should attempt to measure all known direct cost components relevant to LBP, estimate indirect costs such as lost productivity, have a follow-up period sufficient to capture meaningful changes, and clearly report methods and results to facilitate interpretation and comparison.     

江苏省耐药结核病抽样调查研究

目的:了解江苏省耐药结核病流行状况,为江苏省结核病防治规划修订和完善提供科学依据?方法:按WHO/IUATLD《结核病耐药监测指南》要求进行抽样和药物敏感性检测?结果:①江苏省肺结核患者总耐药率为40.96%,初始耐药率为32.80%,获得性耐药率为55.90%;总耐多药率16.61%,初始耐多药率7.63%,获得性耐多药率33.07%;②不同年龄组?不同学历?不同地区和是否有中断史的肺结核患者的耐药分布有差异?结论:江苏省肺结核患者的耐药情况不容乐观,需要引起重视?耐药主要发生在经济欠发达地区,以中年和文化程度低者为主,有中断治疗史患者发生耐药危险较高?     

2007～2008年江苏省淡色库蚊和家蝇的抗性研究

目的了解江苏省蚊蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗药性情况,指导蚊蝇防治的科学用药。方法蚊虫抗药性检测采用幼虫浸渍法,家蝇采用点滴法。结果南京市家蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和残杀威的抗药性均相对较高,而淮安市均为最低;4种杀虫剂中,残杀威抗性均为最高,其次为敌敌畏,溴氰菊酯抗性均为最低。淡色库蚊对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和仲丁威的抗性在淮安市均为最高,对双硫磷抗性在苏州市为最高;4种杀虫剂中,仲丁威抗性均为最高,溴氰菊酯除在淮安高于双硫磷外,抗性均为最低。结论在蚊蝇防治时应避免使用抗性较高的残杀威、仲丁威和敌敌畏,优先考虑使用溴氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。     

冻干水痘减毒活疫苗现场流行病学效果研究（Ⅰ）

目的评价冻干水痘减毒活疫苗（Varicella Freeze—dried Attenuated Live Vaccine,VarV）的现场流行病学效果和疫苗安全性。方法选择近3年未发生过水痘流行、无水痘患病史、未接种过VarV的小学生和托幼机构儿童作为观察对象。采取随机、盲法、对照的方法,将入选的观察对象分成试验组2476人,接种VarV;对照组2534人,接种流行性腮腺炎减毒活疫苗。结果经追踪随访,水痘发病率试验组为0．8‰,对照组为8．7‰。根据二项分布概率法检验,差异有非常显著的统计学意义（B．P=0．000017）。疫苗效果（Vaccine Efficacy,VE）为90．8％,VE95％可信限下限为88．8％。结论VarV具有良好的现场流行病学保护效果和安全性。     

江苏省涂阳肺结核患者治疗依从性现状调查及影响因素分析

目的:探讨江苏省结核病治疗依从性现状并分析其影响因素,为制订有针对性的干预措施提供科学依据?方法:随机抽取13个样本点,各样本点连续性收集2006年1月1日起登记报告的60例涂阳肺结核患者为研究对象,由经过培训的调查员采用结构式调查表进行问卷调查,并分析依从性现状及不规则治疗的影响因素?结果:670名结核病患者在治疗过程中有82人存在不规则服药现象,不规则治疗比例12.2%?不规则服药的主要原因是药物不良反应(37.8%)?患者的文化程度及服药方式是影响依从性的主要影响因素?结论:依从性是当前结核病控制工作的一个重要课题,应当关注重点人群,采取以规范督导为主的综合干预措施降低不规则治疗的风险,提高治愈率?     

江苏省2004~2008年梅毒流行病学分析及防治策略研究

目的:了解江苏省2004~2008年梅毒的流行病学特征,为以后制定梅毒及其他性传播疾病的防治策略提供科学依据?方法:收集全省各省辖市通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告的梅毒疫情资料进行统计学分析?结果:近5年来,江苏省梅毒发病率快速增长,年发病率从2004年的10.59/10万增长到2008年的28.76/10万,年平均增长速度为28.42%;报告病例数的年平均增长速度是28.68%;在上报的梅毒病例中,以早期显性(一?二期)梅毒为主,占69.75%,各期梅毒报告病例数均逐年增加,各年度梅毒病例分期之间有极显著差异(P < 0.000 1)?男女性别比为1.11∶1,各年度梅毒病例性别之间差异有显著性;发病年龄集中在20~39岁年龄组,占51.55%;全省报告梅毒病例数集中在经济较为发达的苏南地区?结论:江苏省梅毒发病率正处于快速增长阶段,应进一步加强性病艾滋病综合防治措施,规范梅毒诊治,从而控制梅毒的快速流行?