Small bowel adenocarcinoma: Case reports and review of the literature

Small bowel adenocarcinomas (SBAs) are rare tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients often present with advanced disease due to nonspecific symptoms and delayed diagnoses. In combination with non-uniform treatment paradigms, patients who present with SBA often have poor prognoses. In this case series, we present four cases of SBA and review the most recent literature with regard to diagnosis and management. One patient presented with iron-deficient anemia (IDA), and three patients presented with clinical obstruction. The patient with IDA was subjected to protracted investigations, whereas the three patients with obstruction were diagnosed quickly after presentation. All four patients underwent surgical resection, and one patient was eligible for post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy. SBA should be highly suspected in patients who present with occult gastrointestinal bleeds, and appropriate investigations must be initiated. Following diagnosis, surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for this disease. Our review supports the use of both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in localized disease.     

Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in outpatient settings: A test-negative case-control study in Beijing,China, 2016/17 season

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) for the 2016/17 epidemic of co-circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses in Beijing, the capital of China.MethodsThe surveillance-based study included all swabbed patients through influenza virological surveillance, between November 2016 and April 2017. A test-negative case-control design was used to estimate influenza VE against medically-attended laboratory-confirmed influenza in outpatient settings. Cases were influenza-like illness (ILI) patients who tested positive for influenza, and controls were influenza negative patients.ResultsA total of 10,496 ILI patients were enrolled and swabbed. Among them, 735 tested positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 1851 for A(H3N2), and 40 for type B. Of the 45 randomly selected specimens out of 1851 influenza A(H3N2) viruses, 2(4.4%) belonged to the H3N2 3C.2a1 clade, and 43(95.6%) belonged to A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like 3C.2a clade. Among the 43 viruses of the 3C.2a clade, 32 viruses clustered in one subgroup carrying T131K, R142K and R261Q substitutions. The adjusted VE against all influenza was low at 25% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0–43%), with 54% (95%CI: 22–73%) for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and 2% (95%CI: −35% to 29%) for influenza A(H3N2).ConclusionsOur study suggested a moderate VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, but low VE against influenza A(H3N2) in Beijing, 2016/17 season. Amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin may contribute to the low VE against influenza A(H3N2) for this season.     

2011-2018年北京市通州区儿童急性呼吸道感染九种病毒性病原体监测研究

目的 了解北京市通州区儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒性病原体感染情况及流行病学特征,为疾病监测和防控策略的制定提供依据。方法 选取2011年1月-2018年6月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院就诊的儿童急性呼吸道感染病例,使用多重实时荧光PCR检测九种呼吸道病毒性病原体,分析各呼吸道病毒性病原体感染情况。结果 544例急性呼吸道感染儿童中,呼吸道病毒性病原体检测阳性者174例,阳性率为32.0%。其中鼻病毒和流感病毒的阳性率分别为9.4%和8.6%,高于其他病原体。各季节呼吸道病原体阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义;不同季节病原体构成比较,差异有统计学意义。病原体阳性患儿流涕发生率高于阴性患儿（P=0.015）;急性上呼吸道感染患儿中呼吸道病原体阳性率高于肺炎患儿中的阳性率（43.9% vs 22.3%,P<0.001）。相比较肺炎,流感病毒、鼻病毒、偏肺病毒、冠状病毒和肠道病毒更易在急性上呼吸道感染中检出。结论 通州区儿童急性呼吸道感染主要由鼻病毒和流感病毒两种呼吸道病原体所致,呼吸道病毒更易引起急性上呼吸道感染。     

2008-2010年北京市沙门菌血清型和药物敏感分析

目的分析2008-2010年北京市沙门菌血清型及药物敏感性。方法对2008-2010年通过WHO全球沙门菌监测系统及北京市肠道门诊监测系统分离到的沙门菌进行生化试验和血清分型,药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果北京市2008-2010年共分离沙门菌菌株220株,分布于39个血清型,其中肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为优势菌型,分别占35.00%(77/220)和15.45%(34/220)。191株沙门菌药敏结果显示三代头孢类、二代喹诺酮类抗生素高度敏感,但有耐药菌株出现。氯霉素、四环素、氨苄西林、磺胺异噁唑、链霉素、萘啶酸出现不同程度的耐药,其中萘啶酸耐药性最高,耐药率达51.83%。结论北京市沙门菌血清型以肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为主。耐药分析提示应加强沙门菌耐药性监测,对合理选择及使用抗生素提供指导。     

Hantavirus outbreak associated with laboratory rats in Yunnan,China

An outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occurred among students in a college (College A) in Kunming, Yunnan province, China in 2003. Subsequent investigations revealed the presence of hantavirus antibodies and antigens in laboratory rats at College A and two other institutions. Hantavirus antibodies were detected in 15 additional individuals other than the index case in these three locations. Epidemiologic data indicated that the human infections were a result of zoonotic transmission of the virus from laboratory rats. A virus was isolated from rats in College A and the full-length genome sequence revealed that this was a new Hantaan virus isolate, designated strain KY. Sequence analysis of the three genome segments indicated that this new isolate is a reassortant derived from human and rat Hantaan viruses. Further sequence analysis of the medium (M) genome segment revealed that it originated from a recombination event between two rat Hantaan virus lineages.     

Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in Nepalese children with acute diarrhea between 2005 and 2011: Increase and predominance of minor genotype GII.13

Noroviruses, an important cause of acute gastroenteritis, possess a highly divergent genome which was classified into five genogroups and dozens of genotypes. However, changes in genotype distribution over time were poorly understood, particularly in developing countries. We therefore conducted a molecular epidemiological study which characterized the norovirus strains detected in 4437 Nepalese children with acute diarrhea between November 2005 and January 2011 to gain insight into how their genotypes changed over time. Of the 356 samples positive for noroviruses, 277 (78%) were successfully genotyped into 22 capsid genotypes; GII.4 (n = 113), GII.3 (n = 38) and GII.13 (n = 37) were the majority. Interestingly, GII.13 accounted for only 1.7% (4/230) between 2005 and 2008 (period 1) but increased substantially to 26.2% (33/126) between 2009 and 2011 (period 2). Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 nucleotide sequences of 35 GII.13 strains indicated that they clustered into two lineages named NPL2008 and NPL2009 to which two period 1 strains and 33 period 2 strains belonged, respectively. Lineage NPL2009 contained GII.13 strains that were detected in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak in Germany in 2012. Both Nepalese and German VP1 sequences carried two substitutions, H378N and V394Q, in the putative histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-binding sites. As to the polymerase genotypes of Nepalese strains, the period 1 strains possessed GII.Pm, but the period 2 strains possessed GII.P13, GII.P16, and GII.P21. Together with recent reports on the predominance of GII.P13/GII.13 and GII.P16/GII.13 in India and GII.P16/GII.13 in European countries, this study predicts that genotype GII.13 which was previously regarded as a minor genotype has a potential to become an epidemiologically important genotype.     

Urinary concentrations of dichlorophenol pesticides and obesity among adult participants in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2008

Accumulating evidence from recent studies has suggested a possible link between exposure to environmental pesticides and obesity. In this study, we assessed the potential associations between exposure to dichlorophenol pesticides and obesity in adults. Study participants aged 20–85 years were selected from the 2005 to 2006 and 2007 to 2008 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and were categorized as obese and non-obese based on body mass index. Creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of dichlorophenols were determined to assess level of exposure to environmental pesticides. Multivariate logistic regression was performed using SAS 9.3 to assess the association between 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) levels in urine and obesity with adjustment for potential confounders. Significantly higher geometric means of urinary concentrations of both 2,5-DCP (p < 0.0001) and 2,4-DCP (p = 0.0170) were seen in obese adults, compared to that in non-obese adults. A dose-dependent increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed in the study participants across increasing levels of urinary 2,5-DCP (p-trend < 0.0001). Urinary concentrations of 2,5-DCP were significantly associated with obesity among the second (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.93), third (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.87), and fourth (AOR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.17) inter-quartiles after adjustment for age, gender, race, education, total fat intake, and physical activity. A statistically significant association was not seen between urinary 2,4-DCP and obesity. Our findings suggest a potential relationship between exposure to the fumigant insecticide paradichlorobenzene, measured as urinary concentrations of 2,5-DCP, and obesity in adults. Because we cannot rule out the possibility of reverse causality in our study, prospective studies measuring exposure during etiologically relevant periods are warranted.