一起诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发的队列研究

目的调查分析某村一起诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发的发病原因。方法采用历史性队列研究方法，应用ELISA对标本进行实验室检测。结果该起暴发共报告病例34例，发病与接触腹泻病人（X^2=6．51，P=0．00）、食物暴露于苍蝇（X^2=4．61，P=0．00）及村民暴露于患者呕吐物或粪便1m内（X^2=3．09，P=0．00）有统计学意义上的关联，与饮用水来源（X^2=1．68，P=0．14）没有统计学意义上的关联。在采集的8份肛拭子样本中1份ELISA法检出诺如病毒抗原阳性：4份粪便样本中2份ELISA法检出诺如病毒抗原阳性。结论这是一起由诺如病毒感染所致的急性胃肠炎暴发．密切接触是此次暴发的主要传播途径。     

Whole genome analysis to detect potential vaccine-induced changes on Shigella sonnei genome

Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery is endemic worldwide and is a significant cause of death in children less than five years of age in developing countries. There are no licensed Shigella vaccines and glycoconjugates are among the leading candidate vaccines against shigellosis today.We used whole genome sequence analysis (WGA) to find out whether immunization, with an investigational Shigella sonnei glycoconjugate, could induce selective pressure leading to changes in the genome of S. sonnei. An outbreak of culture-proven S. sonnei shigellosis which occurred immediately after vaccination in one of the cohorts of volunteers participating in a phase III trial of the vaccine in Israel created a unique condition in which the epidemic agent “co-existed” with the developing immune responses induced by the vaccine and natural infection among vaccinees who developed S. sonnei shigellosis. By comparing the whole genomes of S. sonnei isolated from vaccinees and from volunteers in the control group, we show at a very high sensitivity that a potent S. sonnei glycoconjugate that conferred 74% protective efficacy against the homologous disease did not induce changes in the genome of S. sonnei and in particular on the O-antigen gene cluster.     

2019年广东省一起布鲁氏菌病暴发疫情调查分析

目的调查2019年广东省某县一起食源性布鲁氏菌病(布病)暴发疫情,为防控类似事件提供建议。方法通过个案调查、医院就诊系统查询等方式开展病例搜索,对调查对象开展布鲁氏菌感染初筛及确证实验;对结果进行描述与分析。结果共发现30例病例及6例隐性感染者;病例发病时间为7月10日至8月18日,呈现持续同源的暴发模式;临床表现主要为发热(70.00%)、肌肉、关节痛(46.67%)、乏力(43.33%)等;共从调查对象血液中分离出21株布鲁氏菌且均为羊3型;经分析,仅生饮H家羊奶是感染的危险因素,与未饮者相比相对危险度(RR)值为16.91(2.38~119.96),与煮沸饮者相比,RR值为36.36(5.07~260.58),且感染与饮奶存在剂量反应关系(χ^2=4.437,P=0.035)及时间上的关联。结论该布病暴发疫情为患者饮用受羊种3型布鲁氏菌污染的未煮沸羊奶所致。     

我国2015－2016年哨点监测手足口病病原学和并发症分析

目的 分析2015－2016年我国手足口病哨点监测系统的手足口病特征,探讨建立手足口病哨点监测的可行性、优势及不足。方法 数据来源于11个国家级哨点监测点2015年11月至2016年10月手足口病监测数据,描述手足口病的病原特征、代表性和重症病例并发症情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析手足口病哨点监测样本阳性率的相关影响因素。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 共有4 783例手足口病病例样本,其中轻症病例3 390例,重症病例1 390例,死亡3例。肠道病毒（EV）阳性率为81.43%（3 895/4 783）,轻症病例优势血清型为其他EV（52.68%,1 482/2 813）,重症病例优势血清型为EV71（65.31%,706/1 081）。哨点监测显示的优势血清型与同时期现有监测血清型基本一致。其他EV所致病例中低年龄组儿童所占比例高于EV71和柯萨奇病毒A组16型（Cox A16）（χ²=130.17,P<0.001）。多因素logistic回归结果显示,样本阳性率高与男性、高发月份病例、儿童医院病例、样本为粪便、及时采样有关。不同类型样本阳性率均呈现随发病-采样间隔时间的延长而下降的趋势（粪便趋势χ²=14.47,P<0.001;咽拭子趋势χ²=31.99,P<0.001;肛拭子趋势χ²=24.26,P<0.001）。无菌性脑膜炎、非脑干脑炎、脑干脑炎为重症病例最常见的3种并发症,EV71和其他EV所致重症病例并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 哨点监测发现性别、发病月份、接诊医院类别、标本类型、采样及时性是影响手足口病样本阳性率的5个独立影响因素。哨点监测可以收集这些影响因素以提升监测质量。设立手足口病国家级哨点监测在我国是可行的。     

学校发生一起因进食辣木籽引起的食源性疾病调查

2017年5月,广东省深圳市宝安区水田实验学校发生一起食源性疾病事件,调查发现,辣木籽为本次事件的致病食品,该辣木籽通过网络购得。提示一方面要加强学校食品安全管理,另一方面要加强网络销售食品的安全管理。     

一起双足疼痛综合征的暴发调查

目的 对佛山市某高中(S学校)学生出现不明原因双足疼痛暴发进行调查.方法 疑似病例定义为2014年2月10日至 3月16日佛山市S学校的学生和教职工中出现无明确原因足部疼痛或麻木者.病例定义为疑似病例中同时具有足部疼痛和麻木者.通过查阅学校附近医院就诊记录和校医务室门诊日志、查看学校因病缺勤记录搜索病例.制订统一的临床症状信息调查表,首先培训班主任老师,由班主任给各自班级学生进行讲解,并由学生填写调查问卷.收集佛山市2014年1月1日至3月31日的每日温度,分析气候变化及每日温度与疾病发生的关系.在全校随机抽取14个班级开展病例对照研究,比较病例组和对照组的学习运动情况、膳食和保暖措施等.结果 共407例学生病例,罹患率为26.5%(407/1 536).女生罹患率为37.3%(320/859),高于男生(12.9%,87/677),差异有统计学意义(χ²=115.1,P< 0.01).住宿生罹患率为31.8%(323/1 016),高于走读生(16.2%,84/520),差异有统计学意义(χ²=43.2,P< 0.01).住宿女生罹患率(46.1%,269/584)高于走读生(18.5%,51/275),差异有统计学意义(χ²=61.4,P< 0.01),住宿男生罹患率(12.2%,54/442)和走读生(14.0%,33/235)差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.13,P> 0.05).2014年2月6－13日气温迅速从23 ℃下降至6 ℃,随后气温持续回升,至2月28日升至23 ℃.短期内气温呈现“V”形变化.2月13－28日等级相关分析显示,每日病例数与最高温度呈正相关关系(r=0.65,P=0.002).病例对照研究结果显示,住宿生夜晚感觉被子凉(OR=3.0,95%CI:1.3～7.0)、平时缺乏体育锻炼(OR=2.8,95%CI:1.5～5.6)、既往脚部有类似症状(OR=3.4,95%CI:1.1～11.0)是不明原因双足疼痛发病的危险因素.结论 本次不明原因双足疼痛暴发可能与气温骤降骤升变化有关.     

Knowledge and attitudes about Ebola vaccine among the general population in Sierra Leone

BackgroundClinical trials of Ebola vaccine are ongoing. Before it becomes commercially available, understanding the Ebola vaccine-related knowledge and attitude of the general population is imperative to developing an effective vaccine coverage strategy.MethodsWe conducted a survey including 400 participants from general communities of the West Area Rural District, Sierra Leone. Knowledge and attitudes about Ebola vaccine were investigated, and the determinants of having knowledge and a positive attitude toward accepting vaccination were identified.ResultsOver half (55.8%) of the participants were aware of Ebola vaccine. About 60% of the participants were willing to be study subjects if the Ebola vaccine clinical trial were conducted in their communities. Most of the participants (72.5%) were willing to take Ebola vaccination if it was free of charge. Given that the vaccination was not free, the proportion willing to pay a fee to take the vaccination declined dramatically to 26.6%. Using a forward step-wise logistic model, monthly salary was identified as the single determinant (OR for every 100,000 Leones increase: 1.17, 95%CI: 1.04–1.31) for awareness of Ebola vaccine, which was identified as the determinant (OR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.17–3.02) for free vaccination uptake willingness. The combination of monthly salary, monthly average income of family members and their interaction was found to be associated with charged vaccination uptake willingness.DiscussionMeasures are still needed to promote the Ebola vaccine awareness and knowledge updating. Free or low-priced vaccine could increase the vaccination acceptability of the general community population significantly.     

一起校园传染性红斑聚集性疫情流行病学调查

目的调查一起学校不明原因皮疹聚集性疫情的规模、病原和疾病传播的危险因素,提出针对性的预防控制措施建议。方法2018年4月4日,在广东省深圳市宝安区某学校开展不明原因皮疹聚集性疫情的调查处置工作。 制定病例定义,搜索病例,采用统一的流行病学个案调查表进行现场调查,描述病例的分布特征,采用回顾性队列研究方法调查发病的危险因素,采集病例血液标本进行病原抗体检测。结果共搜索到病例12例,罹患率为11.9%（12/101）。 采集病例血液标本4份,检测均为人类细小病毒B19型IgM和IgG抗体阳性。 回顾性队列研究显示与病例邻桌［RR＝4.3（1.2 ~ 14.9）］、曾与病例下棋［RR＝5.7（1.3 ~ 24.7）］是导致本次疫情的危险因素。结论本次事件为一起由人类细小病毒B19型感染导致的传染性红斑聚集性疫情,疾病传播的危险因素为密切接触。