Replicative senescence of human dermal fibroblasts affects structural and functional aspects of the Golgi apparatus

It is well recognized that the world population is ageing rapidly. Therefore, it is important to understand ageing processes at the cellular and molecular levels to predict the onset of age‐related diseases and prevent them. Recent research has focused on the identification of ageing biomarkers, including those associated with the properties of the Golgi apparatus. In this context, Golgi‐mediated glycosylation of proteins has been well characterized. Additionally, other studies show that the secretion of many compounds, including pro‐inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes, is modified during ageing, resulting in physical and functional skin degradation. Since the Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway, we investigated its structural organization in senescent primary human dermal fibroblasts using confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, we monitored the expression of Golgi‐related genes in the same cells. Our data showed a marked alteration in the Golgi morphology during replicative senescence. In contrast to its small and compact structure in non‐senescent cells, the Golgi apparatus exhibited a large and expanded morphology in senescent fibroblasts. Our data also demonstrated that the expression of many genes related to Golgi structural integrity and function was significantly modified in senescent cells, suggesting a relationship between Golgi apparatus function and ageing.     

软骨细胞老化特征及机制的研究进展

软骨细胞的老化是一个极其复杂的过程，其特征包括：细胞不可逆的生长停滞于G1期；老化相关β-半乳糖苷酶的表达；端粒长度缩短；软骨细胞分化特征的改变。目前认为其机制为基因表达的程序性或减进性改变，包括肿瘤抑制基因p53和pRb等在细胞生长停滞中的作用；端粒结合蛋白和端粒酶对端粒长度的调节；细胞骨架蛋白的重组使软骨细胞形态的变化；基质降解酶类表达增加以及各种细胞因子的变化对软骨细胞代谢的影响。     

生长板软骨细胞促进骨髓基质干细胞血管内皮生长因子的表达

目的观察骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)在生长板软骨细胞旁分泌作用下血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达规律及其与成骨分化的相关性。方法大鼠BMSCs与生长板软骨细胞进行间接共培养,培养终末期做细胞化学染色,定量测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,用RT-PCR方法半定量检测VEGFmRNA的表达。结果生长板软骨细胞持续高表达VEGF。BMSCs随共培养时间的延长,ALP活性升高,BMSCs的VEGF的表达也逐渐增强。培养液加入两种分泌型VEGF中和抗体后,VEGF表达趋势不变,ALP活性仍为升高趋势,也不影响培养终末期钙化结节的形成。培养终末期BMSCs的CD31和CD34均阴性。结论BMSCs成骨分化过程中VEGF的表达符合成骨细胞分化基因的表达规律,与成骨细胞特征性基因的表达趋势一致,体外条件共培养条件下,中和VEGF后并不能阻碍BMSCs的成骨分化。     

兔关节软骨细胞的分离、培养和形态学特征

[目的]探讨兔关节软骨细胞的分离、培养方法,观察单层高浓度培养时细胞表型表达情况.[方法]无菌条件下,从 2周龄新西兰白兔的颞颌关节及四肢关节髁突面削取软骨片,采用机械-酶消化法分离软骨细胞,经台盼蓝拒染计数,将细胞按 1× 106个 /孔接种于 6孔培养板,传代培养,描绘生长曲线.利用相差显微镜及透射电镜观察细胞形态.应用甲苯胺蓝及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化对细胞进行鉴定.[结果]每克软骨能获取 1 5× 106个软骨细胞,活性率为 95%.培养 2～ 3 d,细胞贴壁、变形,呈多角形; 8 d左右,细胞融合成层.透射电镜观察显示细胞核圆形,有丰富的粗面内质网、高尔基体及分泌的基质成分.甲苯胺蓝及Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性.细胞传至 5代后,出现"成纤维细胞样".[结论]本研究建立了简单易行的软骨细胞分离、培养方法;初代、第 2代细胞生长良好,适合于实验研究;软骨细胞 5代培养后,细胞表型发生改变.     

The Domain of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes in Growth Plates Growing at Different Rates

In this study, we tested the hypotheses that (a) both the domain volume (volume of the cell and the matrix it has formed) and matrix volume of juxtametaphyseal hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate is tightly controlled, and that (b) the domain volume of juxtametaphyseal hypertrophic chondrocytes is a strong determinant of the rate of bone length growth. We analyzed the rate of bone length growth (oxytetracycline labeling techniques) and nine stereologic and kinetic parameters related to the juxtametaphyseal chondrocytic domain in the proximal and distal radial and tibial growth plates of 21- and 35-day-old rats. The domain volume increased with increasing growth rates, independent of the location of the growth plate and the age of the animal. Within age groups, the matrix volume per cell increased with increasing growth rates, but an identical growth plate had the same matrix volume per cell in 21- and 35-day-old rats. The most suitable regression model (R ²= 0.992) to describe the rate of bone length growth included the mean volume of juxtametaphyseal hypertrophic chondrocytes and the mean rate of cell loss/cell proliferation. This relationship was independent of the location of the growth plate and the age of the animal. The data suggest that the domain volume of juxtametaphyseal hypertrophic chondrocytes, as well as the matrix volume produced per cell, may be tightly regulated. In addition, the volume of juxtametaphyseal hypertrophic chondrocytes and the rate of cell loss/rate of cell proliferation may play the most important role in the determination of the rate of bone length growth. Received: 2 December 1996 / Accepted: 24 March 1997     

人脂肪干细胞结合微载体在生物反应器中向软骨细胞分化

[目的]探索在旋转生物反应器内,应用微载体技术快速扩增并向软骨分化人脂肪干细胞。[方法]将人脂肪干细胞结合Cytodex3微载体在旋转的生物反应器(RCSS)内进行动态培养,应用倒置显微镜和扫描电镜对微载体表面的脂肪干细胞进行动态观察,并对收获的脂肪干细胞进行Safran in-O、tolu id ine b lue染色等组织化学染色及Ⅱ型胶原的免疫化学染色分析。[结果]脂肪干细胞于24 h内贴附于Cytodex3微载体表面,细胞形态为短梭形,随时间的延长,贴附于微载体的细胞逐渐增多,到培养后期,细胞密度可达最初接种的19倍左右,在微载体上收获的细胞进行番红花O、阿利新蓝染色呈阳性,Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性,均强于对照组。[结论]利用微载体细胞培养技术可简便快速地在体外扩增脂肪干细胞,并成功实现向软骨细胞分化。     

重组腺病毒介导SOX-9基因对颈椎关节突软骨细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨重组腺病毒介导的人SOX-9(AdSOX-9)对人的颈椎关节突关节软骨细胞凋亡细胞数目及Caspase-3基因表达的作用及相关意义,更好理解颈椎软骨退变的发生机制.方法 应用AdSOX-9按照不同浓度及作用时间处理体外培养软骨细胞,应用TdT介导dUTP-生物缺口末端标记方法(TUNEL)及免疫染色方法观察凋亡细胞数量及Caspase-3基因表达变化情况.结果 25MOI、50MOI剂量作用组TUNEL阳性细胞较空白对照组均明显增加;AdSOX-9转染软骨细胞预处理后,空白对照组、25MOI作用组、50MOI三种处理组Caspase-3表达均明显增加,各时点较空白对照组比较,存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 SOX-9基因对软骨凋亡细胞数目、Caspase-3凋亡基因的影响,存在时间-剂量依赖关系,为软骨细胞退变发病机制研究提出新的思考.