儿童认知加工速度的双生子研究

目的 运用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年认知加工速度的影响.方法 采用韦氏儿童智力量表Ⅳ(WISC-Ⅳ)中的编码测验和符号检索评定333对6～16岁双生子的认知加工速度特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对认知加工速度的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的编码测验遗传度为0.28,在不同的性别(男:女为0.09:0.00)和年龄(10～16岁:6～9岁为0.24:0.38)的遗传度差异较符号检索的差异小;符号检索的遗传度为0.61,男生(0.47)受遗传影响大于女生(0.25),6～9岁的儿童符号检索主要受遗传影响(0.63),而10～16岁的儿童青少年符号检索主要受共享环境影响(0.56).结论 认知加工速度有中～高度的遗传度,编码测验和符号检索可能反映加工速度的不同维度.     

儿童精神分裂症的认知功能

目的 :探讨儿童精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的特点。　方法 :采用中国 韦氏儿童智力量表 (C WISC)对 4 1例 13～ 16岁儿童精神分裂症患者进行测试 ,其结果与常模相比较。　结果 :全量表智商为 (80 .0 0± 17.2 1)分 ,操作智商为 (6 7.4 1± 2 0 .89)分 ,言语智商为 (92 .5 1± 17.5 4 )分。 3种智商 <89及 <6 9者所占的百分比分别与常模比较 ,差异均具有显著性。　结论 :儿童精神分裂症患者智商多低于正常 ,以操作智商损伤为主 ,言语智商与操作智商明显不平衡。     

不同时代测量工具分析厦门地区城乡儿童智力发展的特点

目的 探讨使用不同时代智力测验量表分析厦门地区城乡儿童智力发展的特点.方法 采用随机分层抽样法,选取厦门地区6~16岁城乡儿童233例,并采用中国-韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)与韦氏儿童智力量表第四版(WISC-Ⅳ)进行智力测验,分析城乡儿童智力发展的特点.结果 城市儿童的WISC-Ⅳ的译码、背数分测验得分低于C-WISC中的编码、数字广度分测验得分(P<0.05);WISC-Ⅳ的积木分测验得分低于C-WISC中的木块图分测验得分(P<0.05);WISC-Ⅳ的言语理解指数高于C-WISC中的言语智商得分(P<0.05);WISC-Ⅳ的类同分测验得分高于C-WISC中的分类分测验得分(P<0.05);WISC-Ⅳ的理解分测验得分、知觉推理指数、总智商与C-WISC中的领悟分测验得分、操作智商、总智商无显著差异(P>0.05).农村儿童在WISC-Ⅳ的各项得分均低于C-WISC(P<0.05).结论 厦门地区城乡儿童智力发展存在差异,城市儿童智力发展均衡,农村儿童智力发展滞后.     

厦门地区6～16岁城乡儿童智力水平及结构特征

目的 研究厦门地区6～16岁城乡儿童的智力水平及结构特征差异.方法 采用分层随机抽样法,对厦门地区6～16岁城乡儿童进行随机抽样,共计纳入233人,采用韦氏儿童智力量表第四版(WISC-Ⅳ)中文版进行智力测量并分析测验结果.结果 城乡两组儿童智力水平分布的总体差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在总智商、各合成指数及除图画概念外各分测验的得分比较中,城市儿童高于农村儿童(P＜0.05);在总智商、除知觉推理、加工速度外的各合成指数及类同、背数、词汇、字母数字、矩阵推理、理解分测验得分比较中,城市男童高于农村男童(P＜0.05);在加工速度指数及译码、理解分测验得分比较中,城市女童高于农村女童(P＜0.05).结论 厦门地区6～16岁城乡儿童在智力水平及智力结构上存在差异,具有城市优于农村的趋势.     

癫(癎)患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素的分析

目的 探讨癫(癎)患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素.方法 采用韦氏儿童智力量表及成人智力量表对125例癫(癎)患者的认知功能进行测定,并分析年龄、发作类型、癫(癎)综合征类型、病因、发作频率、严重程度、脑电图改变、服用药物及家族史等因素对其的影响.结果 癫(癎)患者认知功能障碍发生率为18.4%,儿童(27.8%)高于成人(14.6%).癫(癎)组儿童和成人患者总智商(F7Q)、操作智商(PIQ)和言语智商(VIQ)、言语理解因子(VCF)、知觉组织因子(POF)和记忆/注意不分心因子(MF)显著低于相应的正常对照组(均P<0.01).多因素回归分析显示,发作程度越严重、服用药物的数量越多,智商越低,全面发作对智商的影响最明显.结论 癫(癎)患者存在明显的认知功能障碍,发作严重程度、服药数量,发作形式是影响其认知功能的独立危险因素.     

儿童精神分裂症认知功能研究

目的:探讨儿童精神分裂症患者的认知功能及与临床症状的关系. 方法:60例未经治疗的儿童首发精神分裂症患者(研究组)和30名健康学龄儿童(对照组),采用中国韦氏儿童智力量表(C-wIsc)、临床记忆量表和瑞文标准推理测验进行认知功能评定;研究组以阳性症状量表(SAPS)和阴性症状量表(SANS)进行临床评估. 结果:研究组总智商(FIQ)评分(97.2±15.6)分,言语智商(VIQ)(100.4±12.6)分和操作智商(PIQ)(90.5±15.3)分显著低于对照组的(115.3±13.7)分,(119.2±11.8)分和(110.6±14.8)分(P均=0.000).研究组等值记忆商MQ评分(70.5±15.2)分显著低于对照组(105.9±13.8)分(P均<0.001).研究组瑞文标准推理测验标准分中位数为5分,对照组为3分(X<'2>=6.44,P<0.05).研究组IQ、MQ及瑞文标准推理测验与SAPS阳性症状评分无显著相关,但与某些SANS阴性症状评分显著相关(r=-0.36,-0.42;P<0.05或P<0.01). 结论:儿童精神分裂症患者存在认知功能障碍,表现为智力发展不平衡、记忆障碍以及执行功能障碍;临床记忆及瑞文标准推理测验缺损与阴性症状严重程度有一定的关系,但与阳性症状无关.     

遗传和环境因素对青少年脑灰质容积和皮层厚度影响的双生子研究

目的通过双生子法探索遗传和环境因素对青少年脑灰质容积、皮层厚度的影响。方法采用横断面研究设计,募集12~18岁双生子。采血液标本提取DNA进行卵型鉴定;采用韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订版进行智商测定;用3.0 T MRI进行头颅结构扫描,采集全脑166层矢状位图像并处理计算个体脑皮层分区灰质容积、皮层厚度;使用双生子结构方程分析遗传和环境对脑灰质容积、皮层厚度的影响。结果纳入57对双生子,其中同卵双生子30对,异卵双生子27对。灰质容积的最佳模型为AE模型,其中各脑区遗传度均有统计学意义(P0.01);皮层厚度的最佳模型为ACE模型,各脑区中仅双侧扣带回及右侧额叶遗传度有统计学意义(P0.05),其他脑区遗传度无统计学意义(P0.05)。相比较影响各脑区皮层厚度的遗传度(A)、共享环境因素贡献度(C)与特异性环境因素(E),特异性环境因素(E)贡献度明显上升。结论在灰质容积和皮层厚度中,青少年脑的可塑性变化可能主要体现在皮层厚度改变上;遗传因素对灰质容积的影响主要驱动因素为皮层面积扩张,而非皮层厚度。     

遗传和环境因素对青少年脑灰质容积和皮层厚度影响的双生子研究北大核心CSCD

目的通过双生子法探索遗传和环境因素对青少年脑灰质容积、皮层厚度的影响。方法采用横断面研究设计,募集12~18岁双生子。采血液标本提取DNA进行卵型鉴定;采用韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订版进行智商测定;用3.0 T MRI进行头颅结构扫描,采集全脑166层矢状位图像并处理计算个体脑皮层分区灰质容积、皮层厚度;使用双生子结构方程分析遗传和环境对脑灰质容积、皮层厚度的影响。结果纳入57对双生子,其中同卵双生子30对,异卵双生子27对。灰质容积的最佳模型为AE模型,其中各脑区遗传度均有统计学意义(P<0.01);皮层厚度的最佳模型为ACE模型,各脑区中仅双侧扣带回及右侧额叶遗传度有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他脑区遗传度无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相比较影响各脑区皮层厚度的遗传度(A)、共享环境因素贡献度(C)与特异性环境因素(E),特异性环境因素(E)贡献度明显上升。结论在灰质容积和皮层厚度中,青少年脑的可塑性变化可能主要体现在皮层厚度改变上;遗传因素对灰质容积的影响主要驱动因素为皮层面积扩张,而非皮层厚度。     

不同家庭环境的儿童智力测查分析

目的　探讨儿童智力与不同家庭环境的关系。方法　采用北京师范学院林传鼎教授和北京师范大学张厚粲教授主修的韦氏儿童智力量表对 4 4例干部家庭和 110例工人家庭的儿童进行了智力测查。结果　显示两组儿童I、V、C、PC、BD、OA二者均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,干部家庭与工人家庭儿童的VIQ、PIQ、FIQ均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,干部家庭组均高于工人家庭组。结论　智力与遗传因素、环境因素和社会因素有关     

变应性鼻炎儿童的智力结构与个性特征分析

目的探讨变应性鼻炎儿童的智力结构与个性特征。方法选取126例确诊为变应性鼻炎儿童,根据病情严重程度分为轻度组和中重度组,同时选取45例健康对照组,应用韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)评估轻度组、中重度组与健康对照组的智力结构与个性特征。结果轻度组与对照组相比,总智商(FIQ)、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ),各分测验及智力发展不平衡发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);中重度组与对照组相比,总智商(FIQ)、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ)差异有统计学意义(P0.05),各分测验中知识、领悟、算术、数字广度、词汇、填图、编码及智力发展不平衡发生率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。EPQ评分显示:轻度组与对照组相比,各维度标准分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);中重度组与对照组相比,精神质维度评分高,内外向维度评分低,神经质维度评分高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中重度持续性变应性鼻炎儿童智商水平普遍偏低,患儿智力结构损害以知识、领悟、词汇为代表的反映言语理解因子和以算术、数字广度、编码为代表的反映记忆/注意因子方面为主,智力结构发展不平衡;患儿人格特质以情绪不稳、敏感、孤僻等抑郁质倾向为主。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Investigating the construct validity of the SPAI-C: comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the SPAI-C and the SAS-A

Investigates the construct validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with another self-report measure of social anxiety, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Participants were 252 adolescents (124 males and 128 females) 13-17 years old. Adolescents completed the SPAI-C and the SAS-A and were interviewed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child Version (ADIS-IV:C). Parents were also interviewed and composite diagnoses were formed. Youth were classified as socially phobic or non-anxious based on these composite diagnoses. By comparing clinical cutoff scores with diagnostic group classification, the sensitivity and the specificity of the SPAI-C and SAS-A were compared. Results indicated that the SPAI-C was a more sensitive measure than the SAS-A (61.5% vs. 43.6%) providing evidence of the scale's construct validity. The two measures were similar with regard to specificity (82.7% for both). Implications of these results for assessment and research are discussed.     

Afferent and sympathetic innervation of the dome and the base of the urinary bladder of the female rat.

The afferent and sympathetic innervation of different regions of the urinary bladder (bladder dome vs. bladder base) was examined in the female rat using simultaneous injections of two fluorescent tracers. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG; L1-L3 and L6-S1), the sympathetic chain (SC; T12-L6), the inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) and the major pelvic ganglia (MPG). There were very few double-labeled cells, indicating that the dome and the base of the bladder receive innervation (afferent or sympathetic) from separate and distinct neuronal populations. Most of the sympathetic innervation of the bladder arose from the SC (dome: 77%; base: 89%) and it was carried equally by the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. The distributions of SC postganglionic neurons innervating the dome and the base of the bladder were very similar. In contrast, the contribution of IMG neurons was almost entirely restricted to the dome of the bladder (22%), with less than 1% innervating the base. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH) neurons in the MPG displayed a strong sexual dimorphism. Many TH neurons were found in the male MPG, but very few in the female MPG. In the female, these TH neurons projected almost exclusively to the bladder base of the female rat and were responsible for 10% of the sympathetic innervation of the base. Less than 1% innervated the dome. Therefore, prevertebral ganglia (IMG and MPG) show a strong regional selectivity in the innervation of the bladder of the female rat. The possible functional implications of this organization are discussed.