精神障碍患者童年创伤经历及其与文化智力的关联研究

目的:探究精神障碍患者的童年创伤经历及与其文化智力水平的关联。方法:纳入就诊于昆明医科大学第二附属医院精神科的203例精神障碍患者(包括抑郁障碍、焦虑障碍、目前为抑郁发作的双相情感障碍患者),采用童年创伤问卷简化版(CTQ-SF)、文化智商问卷(CIQ)进行调查。根据童年创伤类型对患者进行分组,比较各组间童年创伤和文化智商的关联。结果:忽视组与忽视+虐待组患者的童年创伤经历、文化智商量表总分及各因子分均低于不伴童年创伤组的患者(P均<0.05)。情感忽视与文化智商量表总分、认知因子得分负向关联(β=-0.3、-0.3);躯体忽视与元认知因子得分、行为因子得分负向关联(β=-0.2、-0.2)。结论:与不伴有童年创伤经历的精神障碍患者相比,伴有童年创伤经历的患者的文化智力水平低。情感忽视和躯体忽视与此类患者的文化智力水平有较强的关联性。     

童年虐待对精神分裂症患者认知功能和临床症状的影响

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者的童年虐待经历对其认知功能和临床症状的影响。方法:对46例精神分裂症患者依据儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)评分分为轻度虐待组(27例)和重度虐待组(19例);并采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及CogState量表(CSB)评估其临床症状及认知功能;分析童年虐待与认知功能和临床症状的关系。结果:重度虐待组CTQ总分及情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视评分显著高于轻度虐待组(P均0.01);PANSS总分、阳性因子及CGI评分明显高于轻度虐待组(P0.05或P0.01);CSB中的注意力及警觉高于轻度虐待组,工作记忆评分明显低于轻度虐待组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:童年经历严重虐待的精神分裂症患者其精神症状更重,认知功能损害更明显。     

抑郁障碍患者家庭功能的跨文化研究

目的:探讨中国和美国抑郁障碍患者的家庭功能特征.方法:采用家庭功能量表(FAD)对92例中国抑郁障碍患者(中国组)及92例美国抑郁障碍患者(美国组)进行评估及比较.结果:两组FAD各维度均分均高于健康的家庭功能临界值,为不健康的家庭功能.中国组FAD中的情感反应维度评分及行为控制维度评分明显高于美国组;中国男性组情感反...     

童年创伤、生活事件与大学生抑郁情绪的关系——心理韧性的中介和调节作用

目的探讨大学生心理韧性与童年创伤、生活事件和抑郁情绪之间的关系,以及心理韧性在它们之间的作用,为大学生抑郁情绪的干预提供参考。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法在济南市和烟台市共3所高校抽取700名在校大学生,使用流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)、童年创伤问卷(CTQ)、青少年自评生活事件量表(ASLEC)和青少年心理韧性量表(RSCA)进行评定。结果相关分析显示,CES-D与ASLEC、CTQ评分均呈正相关(r=0. 271、0. 237,P均0. 01);RSCA评分与CES-D、ASLEC、CTQ评分均呈负相关(r=-0. 429、-0. 226、-0. 290,P均0. 01)。中介效应检验显示,心理韧性在童年创伤和抑郁情绪之间的中介效应显著,中介效应占总效应的45. 19%;调节效应检验显示,心理韧性在生活事件与抑郁情绪之间的调节效应显著(R~2=0. 232,P 0. 01)。结论心理韧性在童年创伤和抑郁情绪之间起到部分中介作用,在生活事件与抑郁情绪之间起到调节作用。     

大学生儿童期创伤与抑郁之间的关系:述情障碍的中介作用

目的:探究述情障碍在大学生儿童期创伤与抑郁症状间的作用。方法:采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)以及贝克抑郁量表(BDI)对湖南省某高校4 374名大学生进行调查。结果:伴儿童期创伤组述情障碍与抑郁得分显著高于不伴儿童期创伤组(t=15.48,P0.001;t=12.82,P0.001)。儿童期创伤总分及各维度与述情障碍总分及各维度、抑郁之间显著正相关(P均0.05)。述情障碍在儿童期创伤与抑郁间的中介效应占总效应的28.06%。儿童期创伤中的情感虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视可以直接预测抑郁(β=0.229,0.123,0.082;P0.001),也可以通过述情障碍间接预测抑郁(β=0.178,0.094,0.035;P0.001)。结论:大学生述情障碍在儿童期创伤与抑郁症状之间具有部分中介作用。     

神经性厌食症患者的自尊、完美主义与其家庭功能的关系

目的:探究神经性厌食症(AN)患者的自尊、完美主义与其家庭功能的关系。方法:对71例AN患者(AN组)及71位健康志愿者(对照组)进行Rosenberg自尊量表(RSES)、Frost完美主义问卷中文版(CFMPS)及家庭功能评定量表(FAD)评估和比较,并对AN患者的自尊、完美主义与家庭功能进行相关分析。结果:①AN组RSES评分明显低于对照组(t=6.4207,P=0.000); CFMPS中的担心错误(CM)(t=4.8432,P=0.0000)、行动的疑虑(DA)(t=3.1363,P=0.0021)、个人标准(PS)(t=3.7448,P=0.0003)、父母期望(PE)(t=3.1805,P=0.0018)4个维度的评分及消极完美主义总分(t=14.0926,P=0.0000)明显高于对照组;FAD中的问题解决(t=4.2541,P=0.0000)、沟通(t=3.6409,P=0.0004)、情感反应(t=4.2121,P=0.0000)、情感介入(t=6.1278,P=0.0000)、行为控制(t=2.9765,P=0.0034)和总功能(t=6.4386,P=0.0000)6个维度评分明显高于对照组;②AN组FAD中的问题解决、沟通、总体功能评分与RSES评分呈负相关;问题解决评分与CFMPS中条理性(OR)评分呈正相关,行为控制评分与CM、DA评分呈正相关,情感介入、行为控制及总体功能评分与PS评分呈正相关,情感反应、情感介入、总体功能评分与PE评分呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01);③AN组RESE总分与CFMPS中CM、PE和消极完美主义总分呈负相关(P均0.01)。结论:AN患者的低自尊及消极完美主义特质与其家庭功能失调相关。     

伴有抑郁的2型糖尿病患者生活质量及家庭功能

目的:探讨伴有抑郁的2型糖尿病患者生活质量及家庭功能特征。方法:采用生活质量量表(QLESQ)、家庭功能量表(FAD)以及贝克抑郁量表(BDI)对50例2型糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)及50名正常人(正常对照组)进行调查。结果:38%(19/50例)的2型糖尿病患者伴有抑郁。糖尿病组FAD评分中情感卷入及行为控制维度在不健康家庭功能范围内;QLESQ总分(32.49±5.86)分明显低于正常对照组(37.76±5.38)分(P<0.01)。糖尿病组FAD的问题解决、角色和情感卷入维度与抑郁症状呈正相关(r分别=0.426、0.339、0.454,P<0.05或P<0.01);QLESQ总分与家庭功能的角色和行为控制维度呈负相关(r分别=-0.292、-0.344,P<0.01)。结论:伴发抑郁的2型糖尿病患者生活质量差且家庭功能有缺陷。     

青少年精神分裂症家庭功能及有关情况

目的:探讨青少年精神分裂症患者的家庭功能以及亲密度和适应性特点.方法:采用家庭功能量表(FAD)以及家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACES Ⅱ-CV)对52例青少年精神分裂症患者(患者组)和60名健康志愿者(对照组)进行调查,并比较结果.结果:患者组在沟通、情感反应、情感介入、行为控制以及总的功能等方面的评分显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);患者组的家庭亲密度和家庭适应性各因子评分明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论:青少年精神分裂症患者家庭支持系统不良,应针对其家庭特点开展家庭干预.     

惊恐障碍患者童年期创伤经历与疾病严重程度关系研究

目的研究惊恐障碍患者童年期创伤经历是否与疾病严重程度相关。方法采用儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ)对在四川省人民医院心身医学科住院患者中,符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)惊恐障碍诊断标准的早年(16岁以前)有过负性经历的90名患者进行调查,采用惊恐障碍严重程度量表(PDSS)评估惊恐障碍严重程度,分析童年期创伤经历与疾病严重程度的关系。结果根据CTQ结果,90名惊恐障碍患者中,情感虐待的检出率为64.8%,躯体虐待检出率为40.7%,性虐待检出率为31.9%,情感忽视检出率为89.0%,躯体忽视检出率为91.2%。CTQ总评分(40.65±11.34)分,PDSS评分(12.75±5.61)分,CTQ总评分及各种创伤经历与惊恐严重程度无线性相关。结论惊恐障碍患者童年期创伤经历与惊恐障碍严重程度无线性相关。     

首发与复发抑郁症患者社会功能状况及影响因素分析

目的:探讨首发与复发抑郁症患者社会功能差异及其影响因素。方法:对首发抑郁症患者(首发组,57例)及复发抑郁症患者(复发组,60例)进行简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版本(HAMD-17)、Sheehan残疾评定量表(SDS)、家庭功能量表(FAD)、领悟社会支持评定量表(PSSS)评估,比较两组社会功能,分析影响社会功能的因素。结果:首发组与复发组SDS评分差异无统计学意义;SDS总分与患者年龄呈负相关(r=-0.205,P=0.026),与HAMD-17总分呈正相关(r=0.623,P0.01),与FAD中各维度评分呈正相关(r=0.187~0.400,P0.05或P0.01);多元线性回归分析显示HAMD-17评分及FAD的情感反应维度进入方程。结论:首发与复发抑郁症患者均有社会功能损害;患者抑郁程度以及其家庭成员间情感反应情况是其社会功能损害的重要因素。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.