血清同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系及干预后的变化

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化(CAA)的关系,及叶酸、维生素B12干预后的变化。方法测定169例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)及110名正常对照者(正常对照组)血清Hcy、叶酸、维生素B12水平;应用彩色多谱勒显像仪对脑梗死患者颈动脉进行检测;分析血清Hcy与叶酸、维生素B12水平以及与CAA程度的关系;观察叶酸、维生素B12干预4周后伴有高Hcy血症的脑梗死患者血清Hcy水平的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,脑梗死组血清Hcy水平明显增高(P<0.01);随着CAA程度增加,血清Hcy水平增高,叶酸、维生素B12水平下降;血清Hcy水平与叶酸、维生素B12水平呈负相关(r=-0.31,P<0.05;r=-0.47,P<0.01),与CAA程度呈正相关(r=0.58,P<0.05);干预治疗后血清Hcy水平显著下降(P<0.01)。结论血清Hcy水平增高是CAA危险因素之一;补充叶酸、维生素B12可降低血清Hcy水平。     

肱动脉内皮功能及血清同型半胱氨酸水平与颅内动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张(FMD)、非内皮依赖性舒张(NMD)及血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与颅内动脉狭窄程度的相关性.方法 对100例ICVD患者行数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA),根据DSA结果将患者分为颅内动脉正常组(21例)、轻度狭窄组(25例)、中度狭窄组(21例)和重度狭窄组(33例),检测各组FMD、NMD、血清Hcy水平.结果 颅内动脉正常组及轻、中、重度狭窄组FMD分别为(7.79±2.51)%、(4.96±1.43)%、(5.00±1.56)%、(5.02±2.15)%;NMD分别为(14.31±6.76)%、(12.54±5.40)%、(16.52±4.79)%、(13.27±9.22)%;血清Hcy分别为(10.07±3.18)μmol/L、(13.84±7.63)μmol/L、(14.91±6.70)μmol/L、(14.88±6.14)μmol/L;与颅内动脉正常组比较,颅内动脉轻、中、重度狭窄组FMD显著降低、血清Hcy水平显著增高(P＜0.05～0.01),轻、中、重度狭窄组间差异无统计学意义;4组间NMD差异无统计学意义.FMD与颅内动脉狭窄程度及血清Hcy水平负相关(r=-0.338,r=-0.203;P＜0.05～0.01);血清Hcy水平与颅内血管狭窄程度正相关(r=0.309,P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析显示FMD降低及血清Hcy水平增高预测颅内动脉狭窄的比值比(OR)为0.580和1.183.结论 高Hcy血症(HHcy)与内皮功能失调有关,FMD降低、HHcy是颅内动脉狭窄的预测因子.     

脑梗死患者血浆硫化氢、同型半胱氨酸、叶酸和维生素B6水平的改变及其相关性

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血浆硫化氢、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸和维生素B6水平的变化及其相关性.方法 检测60例脑梗死患者和40名正常对照者血浆硫化氢、Hcy、叶酸及维生素B6水平.脑梗死患者血浆硫化氢水平与Hcy、叶酸和维生素B6水平的相关性采用直线相关分析.结果 与正常对照组比较,脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平显著增高,血浆硫化氢、叶酸、维生素B6水平显著降低(P<0.05～0.001).血浆硫化氢水平与Hcy水平呈负相关(r=-0.6271,P<0.01),与叶酸及维生素B6水平呈正相关(r=0.5341,P<0.005;r=0.4615,P<0.05).结论 脑梗死患者血浆硫化氢、叶酸和维生素B6水平明显降低,Hcy水平升高.血浆低硫化氢水平可能参与了高Hcy血症致脑血管病的发病机制,可能是脑血管病的危险因素.     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与颅内动脉瘤的关系

目的 探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血清叶酸、维生素B12水平与颅内动脉瘤的关系.方法 采用化学发光法检测80例颅内动脉瘤患者和60例对照者血浆Hcy、血清叶酸、维生素B12水平,相关危险因索用logistic回归分析.结果 颅内动脉瘤组平均血浆Hcy水平明显高于对照组(P=0.005),两组中血浆Hcy升高分别有38例(48%)和9例(15%)(X2=16.239,P＜0.001);颅内动脉瘤组平均血清叶酸、维生素B12水平明显低于对照组(P=0.01;P=0.005);颅内动脉瘤患者血浆Hcy水平与血清叶酸、维生素B12水平呈负相关(P＜0.05).多因素logistic回归分析显示:血浆Hcy是颅内动脉瘤发病的独立危险因素,比值比(OR)=3.961[P=0.019,95%可信区间(CI):1.255～12.500].结论 高Hcy血症与颅内动脉瘤发病有密切关系,可能是颅内动脉瘤发病的一个独立危险因素;血浆Hcy水平升高可能与血清叶酸、维生素B12水平降低有关.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症型高血压患者脑血管病变特点

目的比较脑梗死合并高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)型高血压(H型高血压)及原发性高血压患者脑血管病变特点。方法检测258例脑梗死合并高血压患者的同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,根据Hcy水平分为H型高血压组及高血压组。采用DSA检查患者的脑血管病变情况。结果 H型高血压组112例,高血压组146例。两组间性别、年龄、收缩压、舒张压,以及吸烟、饮酒史比率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组均以颈内动脉(ICA)及大脑中动脉(MCA)受累多,以颅内血管狭窄病变为主。与高血压组比较,H型高血压组颅内血管病变及重度脑血管狭窄发生率显著增高,侧支循环比率显著降低(均P0.05)。结论脑梗死合并H型高血压患者血管狭窄较多,程度较重,且侧支代偿较少。     

缺血性脑血管病合并2型糖尿病患者脑血管改变的影像学特点

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病合并2型糖尿病(DM)患者脑血管改变的影像学特点。方法 151例缺血性脑血管病患者根据世界卫生组织DM诊断标准分为糖尿病(DM)组(73例)和非糖尿病(NDM)组(78例);入组者进行全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,并对结果进行组间比较。结果 (1)DM组脑动脉狭窄发生率(76.7%)、多支血管狭窄率(73.2%)、颅内外血管狭窄并存率(48.2%)明显高于NDM组(60.2%、53.2%、21.3%)(均P<0.05);(2)DM组受累动脉依次为颈内动脉(ICA)、椎动脉(VA)、大脑中动脉(MCA),NDM组为VA、ICA、MCA;(3)DM组受累动脉中、重度狭窄常见,NDM组以轻、中度狭窄常见。结论缺血性脑血管病合并DM患者脑动脉狭窄的发生率高,好发于ICA、VA、MCA,以中、重度狭窄多见。     

维、汉族缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率、分布及危险因素

目的 探讨维、汉族缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率、分布及危险因素.方法 对165例汉族、108例维族ICVD患者行DSA检查,以及血糖、血脂水平检查.对两组患者的颅内外动脉狭窄发生率、分布特点和脑卒中危险因素进行统计分析.结果 汉族组有颅内外动脉狭窄103例(62.4%),维族组为70例(64.8%),两组差异无统计学意义.汉族组与维族组颅内动脉、颅外动脉及颅内外动脉狭窄的比率差异无统计学意义.汉族组患者颅内外动脉狭窄与年龄、高血压、吸烟、低高密度脂蛋白(HDL)血症有关(P<0.05～0.01);维族组患者动脉狭窄与年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高三酰甘油(TG)血症有关 (均P<0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、低HDL血症是汉族组颅内外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素 (P<0.05～0.01);而维族组的则为高血压、糖尿病、高TG血症(均P<0.05).结论 维、汉族ICVD患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率及分布差异无统计学意义;高血压是维、汉族ICVD患者颅内外动脉狭窄的共同的独立危险因素,而年龄、低HDL血症和糖尿病、高TG血症则分别是汉族和维族的独立危险因素.     

脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸与颅内外血管狭窄的相关性

目的探讨脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与颅内外血管狭窄的相关性。方法对行DSA检查的116例脑梗死患者进行分组,根据DSA所提示的颅内外血管狭窄的检查结果分为颅内外血管狭窄组(91例)、颅内外血管无狭窄组(25例);按狭窄部位又将狭窄组分为单纯颅内血管狭窄组(28例)、单纯颅外血管狭窄组(34例)及颅内外血管均有狭窄组(29例)。记录所有患者的常规危险因素,如年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒及血生化指标如血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、甘油三脂(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等。结果(1)颅内外血管狭窄组血清Hcy升高的水平及比例明显大于对照组,分别为(17.6±10.1)mmol/L和(12.6±2.6)mmol/L,P=0.002;39.6%和16.0%,P=0.002。多元逐步Logistic回归分析发现,血清Hcy水平升高(OR=1.243,95%CI:1.047～1.476,P=0.013)、HDL降低(OR=0.089,95%CI:0.014～0.551,P=0.009)是颅内外血管狭窄的危险因素。(2)对于不同的狭窄亚组,血清Hcy升高的水平及比例在各组间无差异,分别为(18.1±10.9)mmol/L、(17.0±8.9)mmol/L、(17.7±10.7)mmol/L;比例分别为42.9%、38.2%、37.9%,P=0.11;多元逐步Logistic回归分析发现,血清Hcy升高是所有狭窄亚组的重要的危险因素(OR分别为1.367、1.232、3.846)。结论血清同型半胱氨酸水平升高是颅内外血管狭窄的危险因素。     

脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸与颈动脉硬化关系的研究

目的研究脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平及其与颈动脉硬化的关系。方法收集230例脑梗死患者、180例健康对照者血液标本,采用荧光偏振免疫法测定Hcy、叶酸和维生素B12及酶法测定血脂水平。同时对165例患者作颈动脉超声检查并按动脉硬化的程度分组,比较不同程度颈动脉硬化组血清Hcy水平变化。结果脑梗死组患者血清Hcy水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清Hcy与叶酸,维生素B12呈明显负相关(P<0.05),随着颈动脉病变程度加重血清Hcy水平呈上升趋势,且高Hcy检出率增高。结论高Hcy血症是脑梗死的独立危险因素,与颈动脉硬化程度有关,高血Hcy水平的主要原因可能与缺乏叶酸、维生素B12有关。     

叶酸维生素B12对高龄老人缺血性脑卒中合并高血压的影响

目的：探讨高龄老人缺血性脑卒中患者维生素B12、血清叶酸与血Hcy的相关性。方法测定各组高龄老人血清H cy水平,将90例缺血性脑卒中伴高血压的高龄患者按双盲标准随机分成A、B 2组,A组45例采用常规临床治疗并同时增加叶酸治疗,剂量5 mg ,3次／d ,维生素B12500μg ,3次／d。B组45例采用常规临床治疗但未增加叶酸治疗,并分别在患者入院后及接受治疗8周后测量血清 Hcy 水平。结果缺血性脑卒中组血清 Hcy水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）,缺血性脑卒中伴高血压患者A 组经叶酸治疗8周后血浆 Hcy水平下降,与入院时血浆 Hcy水平相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,并同时低于B组同期水平,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.01）,但仍高于对照组（P＜0.01）;而缺血性脑卒中伴高血压B组治疗前后血浆Hcy水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。缺血性脑卒中组高龄患者Hcy水平变化与血压高低呈正相关性（P＜0.05）。结论高Hcy血症是老年缺血性脑卒中的常见高危因素,常规检查血 Hcy血清水平,并及时给予维生素B12及叶酸治疗,能够有效降低 Hcy水平,有效调节血压,从而降低缺血性卒中的再发风险。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Relationship Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Age and IQ in Preschool and School-Age Children and Adolescents with Autism and with ADHD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - Relationships between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and age and IQ were investigated in children with autism and/or ADHD covering broader age and IQ...     

Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic activity is by far the most popular and widely researched model of synaptic plastic changes that might occur during learning. Numerous recent reports, however, have not found a correlation between the inducibility of LTP in the hippocampus and the ability of animals to learn hippocampus-dependent tasks. For example, some experiments with gene deletion (knockout) mice strains have shown that in some strains LTP is not inducible in the dentate gyrus, in area CA3, or CA1, but the animals are still able to learn spatial tasks. This apparent mismatch has rejuvenated the discussion concerning whether LTP is a good model for mechanisms that underlie memory formation in the nervous system. This review analyzes the conditions under which LTP is induced or learning takes place and suggests reasons for the mismatches that can occur and what we can learn from them. High-frequency stimulation protocols and in vitro assays cannot be seen to resemble natural firing patterns or conditions found in the brain. More physiological experimental conditions, especially in vivo recording in awake animals, could lead the way to the development of improved models of learning mechanisms that better correlate with learning abilities of animals.