华东地区颅脑交通伤临床及流行病学特点

目的调查与研究华东地区的颅脑交通伤流行病学,为颅脑交通伤的预防与治疗提供科学依据。方法从2004年华东六省一市颅脑创伤住院患者数据库中整群抽取颅脑交通伤患者,用SPSS 13.0统计软件包分析。结果 7 369例颅脑交通伤患者中男女之比为2.72:1。平均年龄(39.28±16.51)岁。25～44岁年龄组所占比例最大,为43.7%。受伤人员中行人所占比例最大,为33.3%。以每年1月份发生颅脑交通伤最多,占13.90%。一天中有一半以上的颅脑交通伤发生在上午7～10时及下午5～9时,分别占23.7%和31.5%。所有住院患者中死亡858例(11.6%),存活6511例(88.4%)。Logistic回归分析显示年龄、颅脑损伤严重度、首送医院、省份、交通伤发生的季度和医院等级等都是影响患者住院期间死亡的重要因素。结论我国应加大颅脑交通伤高发时间段,也就是一天中的早晚上下班高峰以及一年中的第一季度尤其是1月份的道路交通管理,加强中青年男性的道路安全教育,加大对高龄人群的道路交通保护。     

华东六省一市颅脑创伤合并颅面损伤住院患者调查

目的掌握华东六省一市颅脑创伤合并颅面损伤住院患者临床流行病学特点。方法从《2004年华东六省一市颅脑创伤住院患者》数据库中整群抽取合并颌面损伤患者,用SPSS13.0统计软件包分析。结果15611例颅脑创伤患者中合并颌面损伤患者占40.37%,男女比3.59：1,平均年龄（38.70±16.93）岁,17～58岁患者占所有年龄组的80.04%,各年龄组上性别对于颅脑创伤合并颅面损伤的发病有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。主要受害者是农民（46.11%）、工人（28.07%）、学生及儿童（9.08%）,文化程度以中学（55.16%）、小学（29.50%）和文盲（6.22%）最多。公路（67.22%）、公共场所（11.35%）和矿山工地（9.46%）是主要发生地点;主要致伤原因是车祸伤（66.20%）、击打伤（12.20%）和高处坠落伤（10.71%）,而且在各年龄组中车祸伤都是主要致伤原因（P〈0.01）。颅脑创伤合并颅面损伤较其他颅脑创伤病情重,合并伤多,预后差。结论颅颌面损伤是颅脑创伤中最常见的合并症,多为中青年男性,且文化层次相对较低,这类患者较其他损伤病情重,预后差,在检查、诊断和治疗上需要各学科通力合作。     

亚低温与硫酸镁联合治疗急性重型颅脑创伤

重型颅脑创伤(sTBI)由于受伤机制复杂,患者伤情严重、并发症多,病死率居高不下.不同医院对其救治效果相差甚大,在我国一些医科大学附属医院和省、市级颅脑创伤救治中心,急性重型颅脑创伤患者的病死率约为30%.而在一部分地区、县级医院其病死率高达50%～60%.除客观条件外,是否遵循规范化的救治方案是影响此类患者疗效的重要因素之一.     

207例重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤的救治分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤的临床救治经验。方法选取我科收治的207例重型颅脑创伤合并多发伤患者,回顾性分析其临床资料以及治疗方法,总结重型颅脑创伤合并多发伤的治疗经验以及疗效。结果预后按格拉斯哥结果评分法(GOS评分),恢复良好70例(33.8%),轻残42例(20.2%),重残29例(14%),植物生存10例(4.8%),死亡56例(27.2%)。结论早期诊断,尽早判断伤情,合理把握抢救顺序,及时抢救危及生命的器官损伤,重视术后的综合治疗,则可提高颅脑损伤合并多发伤抢救成功率,减少伤残率和病死率。     

甘肃陇东南地区颅脑损伤流行病学分析

目的调查分析甘肃陇东南地区的颅脑损伤流行病学现状及预后影响因素,为本地区颅脑损伤的预防与控制提供科学依据。方法收集2008年10月~2010年6月某医院神经外科颅脑损伤患者病历资料,填写《颅脑损伤流行病学调查表》,提取数据,用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果共收集1014例颅脑损伤患者,男女性别比例为3.7∶1,年龄为34.3±19.7岁(1~83岁),患者主要以初中以下文化程度农民为主;致伤机制以摔伤为主(406,40.0%),其次为车祸(333,32.8%),18~65岁组所占比例最高,每年春节所在月份发生颅脑损伤最多。等级回归分析显示就诊时间、受伤机制及程度等是影响颅脑损伤预后的重要因素。结论深入研究甘肃陇东南颅脑损伤的致伤原因、分布人群和发生时间的根本原因,提出针对性防控措施,降低颅脑损伤发生概率,并尽可能缩短损伤后就诊时间,提高本地区颅脑创伤救治整体水平。     

贵州省颅脑创伤临床特点:附1931例病例分析

目的总结贵州省颅脑创伤患者社会人口学信息、致伤资料、治疗方法和预后,探讨该地区颅脑创伤的救治思路。方法纳入2016年1月至2018年12月贵州医科大学附属医院神经外科诊断与治疗的1931例颅脑创伤患者,采用自行设计的数据调查表统一录入患者性别、年龄、职业、受伤地区、致伤原因、创伤类型、脑损伤部位、创伤严重程度、是否中线偏移、血肿部位、合并伤、是否院前急救、是否手术治疗、手术时间窗、术后并发症、住院期间感染等,采用Glasgow预后分级(GOS)评价预后。结果1931例颅脑创伤患者根据GOS评分,恢复良好1488例(77.06%)、轻残134例(6.94%)、重残101例(5.23%)、植物状态生存134例(6.94%)、死亡74例(3.83%)。(1)社会人口学资料:不同年龄(F=6.411,P=0.000)和职业(F=5.446,P=0.000)之间预后(GOS评分)差异有统计学意义,其中,46~55岁患者预后差于5~15岁者(t=5.047,P=0.000),个体经营者预后差于学龄前儿童(t=?3.570,P=0.021)、学生(t=?5.050,P=0.000)和厨师(t=?3.763,P=0.013);而不同性别之间预后差异无统计学意义(t=0.123,P=0.902)。(2)致伤资料:不同致伤原因(F=2.585,P=0.017)、脑损伤部位(F=5.314,P=0.000)和创伤严重程度(F=238.321,P=0.000)之间预后差异有统计学意义,其中,交通伤患者预后差于打击伤(t=?3.731,P=0.004),基底节区损伤患者预后差于小脑损伤(t=?3.340,P=0.002),重型(t=15.983,P=0.000)和中型(t=5.711,P=0.000)患者预后均差于轻型、重型患者预后亦差于中型(t=9.130,P=0.000)。非贵阳市患者预后差于贵阳市(t=?2.231,P=0.026),开放性损伤患者预后差于闭合性损伤(t=?3.069,P=0.002),硬膜下血肿患者预后差于硬膜外血肿(t=4.559,P=0.000),中线偏移患者预后差于中线未偏移(t=?17.781,P=0.000),存在合并伤患者预后差于不存在合并伤(t=?4.725,P=0.000)。(3)治疗及并发症:院前急救患者预后差于未院前急救(t=4.343,P=0.000),手术治疗预后差于保守治疗(t=?5.506,P=0.000),术后出现并发症患者预后差于无并发症(t=?15.845,P=0.000),住院期间并发感染患者预后差于无感染患者(t=?14.645,P=0.000);但是伤后不同CT检查时间(t=?1.942,P=0.052)和手术时间窗(t=?1.483,P=0.140)之间预后差异无统计学意义。结论贵州省颅脑创伤病残率仍较高,加强交通和生产安全知识宣教,可预防和减少颅脑创伤;加强县级医院神经外科医师专业培训,可使颅脑创伤患者得到及时、规范化、同质化治疗,改善预后。     

颅脑交通伤合并胸腹腔脏器损伤的救治

在所有致伤原因中,道路交通伤(roadtraffcin鄄jury,RTI)占50%～60%,至今仍呈上升趋势[1～3]。在因RTI而致死的患者中有50%～70%为颅脑创伤,其合并胸腹腔脏器损伤时,伤情则更严重,抢救更为困难,死亡率高达40%以上[4]。1995年1月～2001年6月我科救治这类伤员51例,现将其救治体会总结如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组颅脑交通伤合并胸腹腔脏器损伤51例,其中男39例,女12例,年龄9～67岁。伤后就诊时间20min至5h,来院时GCS3～8分27例,9～12分16例,13～15分8例。颅脑伤均经CT确诊,其中开放性颅脑损伤6例,闭合性颅脑损伤45例;脑挫裂伤17例,颅内…     

急性颅脑损伤的流行病学研究进展

急性颅脑损伤是世界性多发疾病,也是死亡率和致残率最高的疾病之一。目前创伤的发生率、死亡率在上升;车祸是所有人群的主要致病原因。此外,中年男性的暴力伤害、妇女和老人的跌伤、儿童坠落伤也多发;诊断上,病名难统一。同时,随着对影像设备的依赖越来越强烈、治疗上的新观点、新药、新仪器和技术的不断应用,例如神经导航和显微技术的运用,急性颅脑外伤的救治取得了一定的效果,但总的疗效不满意;医疗费用昂贵,欧美国家对急性颅脑外伤的治疗费用是我国的十倍左右;因此,减少颅脑创伤的发生、改善预后的关键在于预防:涉及交通、治安、人群状态、急救和护理模式等方面及根据流行病学研究规律,建立严格而科学的管理法规。     

广东山区颅脑损伤急救治疗模式的探讨

目的 探讨提高广东山区颅脑损伤救治成功率的救治模式. 方法 通过实施新模式(2006年6月至2008年6月)两年间的住院前(拨打120后到医院办理住院手续前的时间)死亡率,住院死亡率,颅脑外科治疗前间期(伤后运送至颅脑专科诊疗时间)、急救半径(事故现场至可实施急救的医疗单位的距离)及心肺复苏成功率与旧模式(2004年6月至2006年5月1的数据进行比较分析. 结果 旧模式下住院患者死亡率为29.06%(68/234).住院前患者死亡率为32.76%(114/348),分别高于新模式住院患者死亡率[10.49%(28/267)]、住院前患者死亡率[18.10%(59/326)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).新模式的最大急救半径为10km、平均颅脑损伤治疗前间期为50min,均分别低于旧模式的最大急救半径(70 km)、平均颅脑损伤治疗前间期(85 min).新模式的心肺复苏成功率(80.32%)明显高于旧模式的(23.24%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).新模式的颅脑损伤治疗前间期≥1 h的患者死亡率[24.31%(35/144)]明显高于30-60 min[6.93%(7/101)]和<30 min[4.55%(1/22)的患者的死亡率,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 山区利用120急救中心依托当地综合医院,增设服务网点,缩短急救半径及急救反应时间,加强医务人员尤其是基层网点工作人员颅脑专业院前急救技术,增强院前急救中心人员及出诊设备,可明显提高重型颅脑损伤救治的成功率.     

重型颅脑创伤后救治时间对患者预后的影响

目的 探讨重型颅脑创伤后救治时间对患者预后的影响。方法 回顾分析1998年1月～2002年2月176例交通事故所致重型颅脑创伤患者的临床资料。结果 GCS 6～8分颅脑创伤患者伤后1h内接受救治者,病死率为19.0％;随着救治时间的延长病死率呈上升趋势,分别为1～2h者病死率为26.1％,>2～5h者36.1％,>5h者42.1％,各组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。GCS 3～5分颅脑创伤患者,伤后不同救治时间组之间病死率差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论 重型颅脑创伤患者的预后主要取决于原发伤程度,原发伤愈重GCS评分愈低,其预后愈差;伤后救治时间愈早,患者预后相应愈好。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.