卒中后吞咽延迟患者与健康志愿者吞咽任务相关功能磁共振的对比研究

目的 探讨吞咽延迟卒中患者吞咽任务相关的吞咽中枢激活区域的变化,以期寻找吞咽延迟与吞咽中枢异常之间的关系。方法 5例经电视透视检查证实存在吞咽延迟的缺血性卒中患者以及7例健康志愿者接受功能磁共振成像检查。试验者间隔一定时间（从20、25、30 s中随机抽取一个时间）向受试者口中注入1 ml室温纯净水,令受试者进行吞咽。共注入11 ml水。在3.0 T核磁共振仪（西门子）上,利用血氧水平依赖法（BOLD）采集吞咽过程的数据。结果 电视透视检查发现吞咽延迟卒中患者吞咽潜伏期中位数为0.09（0.03～0.15）s。2 例患者有轻度的会厌谷滞留,1 例患者存在咽部感觉减退,其余无明显异常表现。患者的功能磁共振结果显示研究组没有岛叶激活,但有扣带回激活。对照组有岛叶激活但没有扣带回激活。研究组运动区激活区域少于健康志愿者。结论 患者在自主吞咽过程中没有岛叶激活提示自主吞咽脑区功能异常,可能与吞咽延迟有关。运动皮层激活区少于健康志愿者可能与吞咽肌力弱有关。     

卒中后吞咽障碍患者脑磁图下吞咽皮质环路预探索研究

目的 探讨卒中后吞咽障碍患者皮质吞咽中枢在脑磁图中的激活情况,为吞咽皮质中枢的功能探
讨提供资料。
方法 采用151通道Omega2000全头型生物磁仪（CTF.co,Canada）对6例卒中后吞咽障碍的患者进行
脑磁信号的采集。以等电流偶极（equivalent current dipole,ECD）记录肌电信号开始前－2500 ms内激
活脑区的部位及时间顺序。以每隔20 s、25 s、30 s、35 s时间不等的方式向受试者口腔注射室温纯净
水0.5～1 ml共10次。所有检查者均行头颅磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检查,并与脑
磁图的磁场变化结果融合,形成磁源性成像（magnetic source imaging,MSI）。
结果 5例患者得到磁源性影像。所激活的脑区包括岛叶、初级运动感觉皮质、扣带、丘脑等。部分
脑区呈现反复激活,脑内吞咽皮质激活存在3个相对较为固定的环路。中央前后回、岛叶、丘脑、扣带
回持续稳定激活,其初次激活发生在一定时间段内。后扣带较前扣带回及岛叶激活较晚。
结论 吞咽皮质在处理吞咽信息中可能存在一定的环路。后扣带回激活较晚可能是由于卒中后吞咽
皮质功能活动受损的表现。     

部分性癫(癎)二例发作间期同步应用脑电图-功能磁共振成像定位致(癎)灶

目的 探讨部分性癫(癎)(癎)性放电相关血氧水平依赖(BOLD)信号的分布规律,为进一步研究该病的发病机制、脑功能变化奠定基础.方法 采用同步脑电图一功能磁共振成像(EEG-fMRI)技术,对2例部分性癫(癎)患者进行发作问期(癎)性放电相关BOLD变化的研究,探讨该病发作间期(癎)性放电相关BOLD信号与临床脑电图定位脑区的相互关系.结果 2例患者的临床脑电图定位脑区均出现了最大激活信号,其中1例在该区域有2处显著激活;在该区对侧相应脑区也有较弱的激活信号出现.结论 部分性癫(癎)(癎)性放电相关BOLD反应以(癎)性放电脑区为主,但其对侧同源脑区也有较弱的激活信号,fMRI激活信号与脑电活动之间有着很好的对应关系.     

基于体素的形态学方法对抑郁症患者的脑结构磁共振研究

目的 运用基于体素的形态学分析方法探究首发未治疗抑郁症患者的脑灰质体积变化,探讨抑郁症患者有关脑区脑结构改变,为深入理解抑郁症的发病机制提供新的思路。方法 前瞻性连续纳入抑郁症患者30例,正常对照24例,使用同一台PHILPS 3. 0T磁共振机器对所有受试者进行MRI结构像扫描,并采用基于体素的形态学分析方法对其脑灰质体积改变进行分析。结果 患者组较正常对照组相比,左侧颞中回、右侧岛叶、左侧枕上回及右侧背外侧额上回四个脑区灰质体积明显减小(P 0. 05,cluster size 45,Alphasim校正),未观察到有脑灰质体积增高的脑区。结论 首发未治疗抑郁症患者较正常对照灰质体积减小的脑区主要涉及额颞枕叶及岛叶,表明抑郁症的发生与多个脑区相关联。     

线索诱发海洛因依赖者戒断期心理渴求的功能磁共振成像研究

目的　探讨线索诱发海洛因依赖者戒断期心理渴求的特异神经结构,为寻找干预复吸的有效策略提供理论依据。方法　采用3 0T磁共振成像系统,对30例戒断期海洛因依赖者和17名健康对照者在观看自然风光和吸毒图片时行全脑扫描,识别线索诱发海洛因渴求的特异脑区。结果(1)与观看自然风光相比,观看吸毒图片可以诱导戒断期海洛因依赖者产生明显心理渴求(t=-6 535,P<0 001),且渴求程度与吸毒量呈正相关(r=0 464,P=0 01)。(2)共发现17个参与线索诱发海洛因渴求的特异脑区,主要集中在前额叶皮质和边缘系统,以左侧为主。自我报告渴求与激活脑区数目及左侧额下回、额中回、扣带回前部、额内测回,右侧眶额皮质、杏仁核和岛叶等7个脑区的激活体积呈正相关(P<0 05)。结论　多个脑区参与线索诱发海洛因渴求,既包括认知过程又涉及情感加工,不同渴求程度激活脑区数目与某些脑区的激活体积不同。     

痉挛性斜颈肉毒毒素治疗前后脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的 应用脑功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术,观察痉挛性斜颈(torticollis,idiopathic cervical dystonia,CD)患者行对指动作时的脑激活模式及肉毒毒素局部肌内注射前后的变化,探讨CD可能的发病机制和肉毒毒素治疗后的中枢水平改变.方法 采用fMRI组块设计,分别获得CD患者11例于接受肉毒毒素局部注射前、后4周以及性别年龄匹配的健康志愿者11名执行复杂对指动作任务时的有效脑功能激活图.比较患者治疗前、后与健康对照组的激活差异;以多伦多西方CD等级量表(TWSTRS)评价并比较患者治疗前后症状严重度.分析肉毒毒素治疗所致脑激活水平变化与临床症状评分改变的相关性.结果 CD患者行头扭转同侧对指动作时,同侧壳核、同侧前额叶皮质、对侧初级体皮质等处激活较健康对照明显减低,而同侧楔前叶、同侧梭状回处激活增高.经肉毒毒素治疗后4周CD患者脑内激活水平较健康对照仅对侧楔前叶处减低,其余脑区差异无统计学意义.经肉毒毒素治疗CD患者TWSTRS评分减低,由治疗前(20.02±5.52)分降至治疗后(4.11 ±4.34)分,其差异有统计学意义(t=11.71,P=0.000).肉毒毒素治疗前后脑激活水平变化在下列脑区与TWSTRS评分改变呈正相关:头扭转方向同侧初级体感皮质、前运动皮质、辅助运动皮质、岛叶、梭状回、海马及海马旁回,对侧颞中回、海马及海马旁回等.结论 CD患者存在皮质及皮质下的广泛脑内激活模式异常,可能与感觉运动整合功能紊乱有关,且受累肢体于临床症状出现前可能已处于“预痉挛”状态.肉毒毒素局部注射后CD患者脑内激活模式趋于正常,其机制可能为大脑皮质的功能重塑.     

图雷特综合征患者对指运动切换的功能磁共振研究

目的 分析图雷特综合征(TS)患者在运动切换时脑激活特点,初步探讨TS患者抽动触发的可能机制.方法 14例TS患者(TS组)和14名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者(对照组),用3.0T超导磁共振扫描系统进行功能MRI扫描,对比分析在对指运动转换过程中TS患者和健康志愿者的脑激活特点.结果 两组受试者激活相同的脑区:对侧的中央前后回、对侧扣带回、对侧额叶内侧回、同侧小脑半球;激活不同的脑区:附加右手对指运动时,左侧中央前后回激活体积( cm3) TS组(8.024±0.071)大于对照组(6.480±0.026),两者差异有统计学意义(t=3.026,P＜0.01);附加左手对指运动时,TS组(6.192±0.019)右侧中央前后回的激活体积大于对照组(5.608±0.037),两者差异有统计学意义(t=2.752,P＜0.05);TS组无岛叶激活,对照组出现对侧岛叶激活;TS组出现对侧丘脑激活,而对照组无丘脑激活.结论 丘脑在TS的发病机制中具有重要的作用,岛叶、扣带回、顶叶皮质环路可能是异样感觉和抽动发作前驱不适的结构和功能基础,TS患者从静止到运动的触发启动和(或)与一种运动到另一种运动的触发启动所需要的条件功能区可能存在差异.     

伴有中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫同步脑电图-功能磁共振研究

目的 研究伴有中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫(BCECTS)患者发作间期棘波相关的血氧依赖水平(BOLD)变化情况. 方法 选择海南医学院附属医院神经内科自2010年1月至2011年12月收治的频繁出现发作间期放电的BCECTS患者进行同步脑电图(EEG)联合功能磁共振(EEG-fMRI)扫描,将离线EEG滤波后确定棘波的时间点,采用统计参数图软件(SPM)提供的经典血氧动力学函数(HRF)模型计算棘波相关的BOLD变化. 结果 共纳入6例BCECTS患者,常规EEG显示频繁出现发作间期中央区和中颞区棘波.EEG-fRI扫描时1例未见放电,获得5例患者5个序列的fMRI数据,5个序列均出现BOLD激活信号,两侧中央颞区同时出现激活信号2例,单侧中央颞区出现激活信号3例,4例最大激活区位于中央-中颞区,1例位于枕叶.5例在中央颞区外的其他脑区具有激活信号. 结论 中央颢区可能是BCECTS的致痫灶,致痫灶与其他部位共同构成的神经网络可能与BCECTS的发生相关.     

WCST操作时脑活动模式的初步研究

目的　利用功能性磁共振成像 ,研究正常人进行威斯康星卡片分类测验 (Wiscosincardsortingtest,WCST)时大脑的功能活动模式 ,探讨该测验中有关脑区的作用。方法　用 1 5T的磁共振成像仪和EPI扫描序列 ,以WCST为刺激任务 ,对 17名正常人进行脑功能性磁共振成像 ,观察脑激动区域。结果　 13人成功完成研究。WCST的执行激活了一个复杂的大脑网络 ,激活主要分布在双侧前额叶 ,尤其是背外侧部。中央前回、前扣带回、Broca区、顶上小叶、视区、视觉联系皮质和下颞部皮质也激活 ,丘脑和小脑有部分区域激动。结论　WCST是有效反映额叶功能的认知测验 ,但也与其他脑区功能相关。     

正常人手运动功能脑皮质定位的研究

目的 研究正常人手复杂运动时脑皮质的功能定位。方法 采用SIEMENS成像系统的EPI-Bolding程序，采集7例受试运动和静止状态的T1W图像共6个时相，应用相应软件分析得到差异信号图像，在T1W结构图像融合，并进行三维重建。结果 7例受试在执行握拳运动时，对侧皮质中央前回的第一运动区（Broadman 4区）均可见明显激活信号，对侧或双侧的补充运动区均有激活信号，2例运动前区激活，3例可见同侧中央前回运动皮质的激活信号。三维重建显示第一运动区的激活信号主要位于对侧中央沟的中外侧，补充运动区的激活信号位于运动前区（Broadman 6区）近正中的内侧面。结论 正常人手复杂运动时脑皮质运动网络被广泛激活，功能核磁共振的激活信号反映了脑的高级功能活动。     

Central swallowing in normal adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND:While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing,these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complete understand neurophysiology of swallowing in China.A full understanding of normal swallowing neurophysiology is important for improving functional outcomes for dysphagia due to neurologic disorders or damage with increasing age.Thus the interpretations of the functional contributions of variou...     

Differential metabolic rates in prefrontal and temporal Brodmann areas in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder

In an exploration of the schizophrenia spectrum, we compared cortical metabolic rates in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) with findings in age- and sex-matched normal volunteers. Coregistered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans were obtained in 27 schizophrenic, 13 SPD, and 32 normal volunteers who performed a serial verbal learning test during tracer uptake. A template of Brodmann areas derived from a whole brain histological section atlas was used to analyze PET findings. Significantly lower metabolic rates were found in prefrontal areas 44-46 in schizophrenic patients than in normal volunteers. SPD patients did not differ from normal volunteers in most lateral frontal regions, but they had values intermediate between those of normal volunteers and schizophrenic patients in lateral temporal regions. SPD patients showed higher than normal metabolic rates in both medial frontal and medial temporal areas. Metabolic rates in Brodmann area 10 were distinctly higher in SPD patients than in either normal volunteers or schizophrenic patients.     

Lyrical and musical auditive mental imagery in functional MRI

PURPOSE: to explore with functional MRI cerebral areas involved in musical and lyrical sounds signal processing with the mental imagery method. MATERIAL: and Methods: nine volunteers (mean age: 27 years old) underwent functional MRI with BOLD contrast at 1.5 T. Box-car paradigms of partial recollections of musical or lyrical memories tasks were performed. Statistical correlations mappings were calculated and superimposed on previously realigned anatomical reference imaging to observe activated cerebral areas. RESULTS: all except one subjects had activation areas in primary and secondary auditive cortices in the temporal Heschl gyrus and the Planum Temporale, unilaterally (n=2) or bilaterally (n=6) during both mental tasks. Contralateral activation improvement was observed in 4 cases when the lyrical tasks were performed. Temporal and insular regions involved in language processing were observed in eight of nine subjects. CONCLUSION: auditive mental imagery can show in functional MRI cerebral areas involved in auditive functions and some of the areas involved in language processing.     

创伤后应激障碍患者陈述性记忆损害与岛叶关系的磁共振成像研究

目的 利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术,探讨在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)患者的陈述性记忆损害中是否存在岛叶结构及功能异常.方法 应用基于体素的形态测量学和汉字编码任务,对12例PTSD患者(PTSD组)和12名正常对照者(对照组)进行脑结构和fMRI扫描,比较两组间岛叶结构及功能的差异.结果 (1)FTSD患者双侧岛叶的灰质密度(右侧岛叶x=34,y=4,x=6,t=4.44;左侧岛叶x=-36,y=2,z=0;t=4.64)低于对照组;(2)在编码作业时,左侧岛叶的激活程度(x=-40,y=-20,z=14)亦低于对照组(P均<0.05).结论 PTSD患者的岛叶存在结构损害,并在陈述性记忆作业中呈现功能异常,提示岛叶结构的损害可能与PTSD的陈述性记忆损害有关.     

Evaluation of Reproducibility of Brain Volumetry between Commercial Software,Inbrain and Established Research Purpose Method,FreeSurfer

Background and PurposeWe aimed to determine the intermethod reproducibility between the commercial software Inbrain (MIDAS IT) and the established research-purpose method FreeSurfer, as well as the effect of MRI resolution and the pathological condition of subjects on their intermethod reproducibility.MethodsThis study included 45 healthy volunteers and 85 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In 43 of the 85 patients with MCI, three-dimensional, T1-weighted MRI data were obtained at an in-plane resolution of 1.2 mm. The data of the remaining 42 patients with MCI and the healthy volunteers were obtained at an in-plane resolution of 1.0 mm. The within-subject coefficient of variation (CoV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and effect size were calculated, and means were compared using paired t-tests. The parameters obtained at 1.0-mm and 1.2-mm resolutions in patients with MCI were compared to evaluate the effect of the in-plane resolution on the intermethod reproducibility. The parameters obtained at a 1.0-mm in-plane resolution in patients with MCI and healthy volunteers were used to analyze the effect of subject condition on intermethod reproducibility.ResultsOverall the two methods showed excellent reproducibility across all regions of the brain (CoV=0.5–3.9, ICC=0.93 to >0.99). In the subgroup of healthy volunteers, the intermethod reliability was only good in some regions (frontal, temporal, cingulate, and insular). The intermethod reproducibility was better in the 1.0-mm group than the 1.2-mm group in all regions other than the nucleus accumbens.ConclusionsInbrain and FreeSurfer showed good-to-excellent intermethod reproducibility for volumetric measurements. Nevertheless, some noticeable differences were found based on subject condition, image resolution, and brain region.     

Nitric oxide synthase expression and enzymatic activity in multiple sclerosis

We used post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance to obtain paired biopsies from the brains of four patients with clinical definite multiple sclerosis (MS). Samples were analyzed for the immunoreactivity (IR) of the three nitric oxide (NO) synthase isoforms [inducible, neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS)], and enzymatic NO synthase activity. MRI guided biopsies documented more active plaques than macroscopic examination, and histological examination revealed further lesions. Inducible NOS (iNOS) was the dominant IR isoform, while reactive astrocytes were the dominant iNOS expressing cells in active lesions. NOS IR expressing cells were widely distributed in plaques, in white and gray matter that appeared normal macroscopically, and on MR. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) was highly expressed in intraparenchymal vascular endothelial cells of MS patients. A control group matched for age and sex showed no such changes. Our data support the hypothesis that NO is a pathogenic factor in MS, and that NOS IR is strongly expressed in brain regions appearing normal by MRI.     

Anterior insular volume is larger in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

There has been increasing evidence indicating gray matter abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Several voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies have reported volume changes in the insular cortex. Although there are distinct differences in the connectivity and functions in the anterior and posterior insular cortices, these two regions have never been distinguished in previous VBM studies. In this study, we adopted a region of interest (ROI) method to measure insular volume separately. We investigated insular volume in 32 drug-free patients with OCD and in 34 healthy controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted to examine the difference between the patients and the controls. Compared with the healthy controls, the patients had a significantly larger gray matter volume in the anterior insular cortex bilaterally (post hoc test, p = 0.036; left, p = 0.047; right). This is the first volumetric MRI study to separately investigate the anterior and posterior insular cortex volumes in non-medicated patients with OCD. The results suggest that the anterior insular cortex may be related to the pathophysiology of OCD.     

The functional neuroanatomy of voluntary swallowing.

Swallowing is a complex physiological process involving voluntary and reflexive motor activity, sensorimotor integration, salivation, and visceral regulation. Despite the numerous processes required for normal deglutition, traditional models of the central control of swallowing only emphasize the involvement of the brainstem and the inferior precentral gyrus (IPCG). However a number of neurological disorders involving other brain regions also cause dysphagia. To determine the brain regions participating in voluntary swallowing, we assayed regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with positron emission tomography (PET) while healthy human subjects swallowed, performed lateral tongue movements, or rested with their eyes closed. Voluntary swallowing produced strong rCBF increases within the IPCG bilaterally, the right anterior insula/claustrum, and the left cerebellum. The maxima in these regions differed from those induced by lateral tongue movements. Swallowing also produced rCBF increases in the putamen, thalamus, and several additional cortical areas, but these foci were not as clearly distinguishable from activity arising during tongue movements. These findings indicate that swallowing involves the recruitment of a large-scale distributed neural network that includes the anterior insula and cerebellum. The distributed nature of this network helps to explain why so many neurological conditions produce dysphagia.