中文版精神疾病愤怒量表的信度和效度 评价

目的 检验中文版精神疾病愤怒量表（PARS）的信度和效度。方法 经原著者同意,汉 化英文版精神疾病愤怒量表,该量表包括41 个条目,利用该量表于2016 年1—12 月在上海市精神卫生 中心对125 例精神疾病患者进行评估,Cronbach''s α 计算内部一致性信度,Guttman Split-Half 计算分半 信度;计算每个条目与总分的Pearson 相关系数,并应用探索性因子分析检测PARS 的结构效度;应用 Pearson 相关分析探讨PARS 与阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）的校标关联效度。结果 中文版RARS 的 Cronbach''s α 系数为0.89,Guttman Split-Half 系数为0.88;各条目与总分之间的相关系数在0.19～0.72 （P＜ 0.05）;探索性因子分析共得出9 个因子,解释总方差的67%;PARS 与PANSS 中G14 条目（愤怒控制 缺乏）存在明显相关（r=0.54,P＜ 0.05）。结论 中文版PARS评估精神疾病愤怒症状具有良好的信度和 效度,可用于我国精神疾病患者愤怒的症状研究。     

藏文版华西心情指数量表的信效度研究

目的 研究藏文版的华西心情指数（HEI）量表在藏族群众中的信效度。方法 采用便利 抽样，使用藏文版HEI量表对2018 年10—12 月抽取的500 名藏族群众进行问卷调查，对数据进行探索 性因子分析、Cronbach''sα 系数分析，以对该量表的信度与效度进行评价。结果 （1）效度分析：本量表 可提炼出两个因子，即情绪痛苦与消极观念，累计解释67.8% 的方差。（2）信度分析：本量表9 个条目的 总Cronbach''s α 系数为0.89（＞ 0.7），情绪痛苦因子（1～7 条目）和消极观念因子（8、9 条目）的Cronbach''s α 系数分别为0.87 和0.77（均＞ 0.7）。结论 藏文版HEI 量表在藏族群众中具有比较高的结构效度和内 在信度，可以为其情绪问题的快速筛查提供一定帮助。     

暴食量表在我国青少年中的信效度研究

目的 检验暴食量表（BES）在中国青少年中的信度和效度。方法 2017 年9— 12 月采用 BES、进食行为问卷（DEBQ）和自我控制量表（SCS）对1 266名12～18岁青少年进行集体施测。结果 （1）验 证性因素分析显示，因子模型适配较好；（2）效度检验显示，BES 与其他校标之间相关均达到统计学水平 （r=0.168～0.500，P ＜ 0.01）；（3）信度分析显示，量表的Cronbach''s α 系数为0.805，重测信度为0.768。 结论 BES 在我国青少年中的信效度良好。     

中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷信度和效度研究

目的评价中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷的信度和效度。方法选取115例合并药物依赖综合征的偏头痛患者,收集其临床资料并进行中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷的测试。采用重测信度、内部一致性信度评价分析问卷信度,采用内容效度和结构效度评价分析问卷效度。结果量表的重测信度除条目11和条目16为0.558和0.443以外,其余条目的重测信度均大于0.7。总量表的Cronbach’α系数为0.820,各个维度的Cronbach’α系数均0.7。量表的各条目得分和相应维度总分之间的相关系数在0.595~0.962之间。因子分析共提取7个特征根大于1的因子,可解释总变异的76.3%,在相应项目上均有较强的因子载荷。结论中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷具有较好的信度和效度,适合临床推广应用。     

精神疾病内在病耻感调查表在精神分裂症患者中的信度和效度

目的:评价精神疾病内在病耻感调查表(internalized stigma of mental illness inventory,ISMI)在精神分裂症患者中的信度和效度。方法:选择慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者191例,自行完成ISMI量表及病耻感总体评价,随机抽取42例患者于2周后复测ISMI。使用SPSS软件对量表的信度、效度进行分析。结果:被试者ISMI总分平均为(65.12±12.86)分;复测信度相关性系数为0.87;分半信度系数为0.85;所有29条目Cronbach α系数为0.94。平行效度相关系数为0.66;结构效度采用因子分析法,经方差最大旋转后结果揭示主成分累计贡献率57.80%。结论:ISMI量表对评定精神分裂症患者的病耻感有较好的信度和效度。     

患者健康问卷-15在卒中门诊的信度和效度研究

目的 研究卒中人群中患者健康问卷-15（Patient Health Questionnaire-15,PHQ-15）的信度和效度。 方法 对107例门诊复查的卒中患者分别进行PHQ-15、Beck焦虑自评量表（Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI ）、患者健康问卷-9（Patient Health Questionnaire-9,PHQ-9）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamil ton Depression Rating Scale,HDMA）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale,HAMA）和症状自 评量表-12（the Sel f-report Symptom Inventory,Symptom Checklist-12,SCL-12）,分析PHQ-15应用于卒中 患者的信度、效度。信度检验用克朗巴赫α系数;用条目和总分的相关系数评价内容效度,用SCL-12 与PHQ-15的相关性评价效标效度,用BAI 、HDMA、HAMA、PHQ-9与PHQ-15的相关性评价结构效度。 结果 （ 1）PHQ-15克朗巴赫α系数为0.811,提示该量表内部一致性较好;（2）15项条目与总分的相 关系数为0.275～0.763（均P <0.001）,提示该量表内部一致性较好;（3）PHQ-15的效标效度为0.768 （P <0.001）,提示该量表效标效度良好;（4）PHQ-15与BAI的相关系数为0.602（P <0.001）,与PHQ-9 的相关系数为0.654（P <0.001）,与HDMA的相关系数为0.769（P <0.001）,与HAMA的相关系数为0.793 （P <0.001）,提示该量表结构效度良好。 结论 P HQ-15具有良好的信度和效度,基本符合心理测量学标准,可作为门诊评价卒中患者躯体化 症状的良好工具。     

儿童抑郁障碍自评量表的河南农村常模和信效度

目的:对儿童抑郁障碍自评量表应用于河南农村儿童的信效度检验,并建立河南农村常模.方法:在河南全省6个市6个乡镇小学校中采样1742人(男900,女842),平均年龄(11.6±1.7)岁,同时抽取抑郁障碍患儿47例,填写儿童抑郁障碍自评量表. 结果:量表项目分析中各条目与总分相关系数r在0.318 ～0.645之间(P＜0.01).各项目内部一致性Cronbach α系数为0.730.重测信度r=0.686(P ＜0.01).抑郁儿童得分低于常模儿童(t=-8.839,P=0.000).根据ROC曲线,常模划界分为14. 结论:儿童抑郁障碍自评量表可用于河南农村儿童抑郁症状的评估,并可用于儿童抑郁障碍的筛查.     

阿尔茨海默病患者照护需求评估量表的编制及信效度检验

目的 编制阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者照护需求评估量表并对其进行信效度检验。方法 基 于文献回顾、临床实践、深度访谈并通过 2 轮专家函询，构建初始量表。采用便利抽样法，选取 2020 年 10 月至 2021 年 3 月在重庆市精神卫生中心记忆门诊确诊的 150 例 AD 患者进行预调查，通过项目分析和 探索性因子分析进行条目筛选，形成正式量表。采用便利抽样法，选取 2021 年 5— 7 月在重庆市精神卫 生中心记忆门诊确诊的 105 例 AD 患者进行正式调查，采用 SPSS 25.0 统计学软件和 AMOS 软件对正式量 表进行信度检验及验证性因子分析。结果 AD 患者照护需求评估量表包括日常生活照料要求、医疗照 护需求、康复训练需求、社会心理需求 4 个维度，共 16 个条目，解释的总方差变异为 76.074%；验证性因 子分析显示，χ2 /df=2.043，RMSEA=0.100，TLI=0.907，CFI=0.924。总量表的 Cronbach''s α 系数为 0.902， 分半信度为 0.633，各维度的 Cronbach''s α 系数为 0.736～0.952，分半信度为 0.739～0.931。结论 AD 患 者照护需求评估量表的信效度良好，可作为评估 AD 患者照护需求的测量工具。     

Eppendorf精神分裂症量表中文版的信度和效度

目的：研究Eppendorf精神分裂症量表(ESI)中文版的信度和效度。方法：信度评价采用分半信度、内部一致性、重测信度。效度评价采用区分效度、内容效度、平行效度、结构效度。结果：KSI量表和各因子的分半信度为0．8087—0．9738，Cronbach α系数为0．7694—0．9508；1周后重测信度为0．677—0．876。各因子与总分的相关系数在0．815—0．909之间，因子之间的相关小于因子与总分的相关；ESI与阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)有很好的相关性，因子分析得出4个因子与原作者的因子相关系数在0．747—0．943之间。结论：ESI量表有较好的信度和效度，值得推广和使用。     

藏族首发抑郁症患者病耻感特点及与人格的关系

目的 探讨藏族首发抑郁症患者病耻感特点,并与汉族患者进行对比,分析人格因素与 藏族抑郁症患者病耻感的关联。方法 选择藏、汉族首发抑郁症患者各60 例为调查对象,分别采用 Link 病耻感量表、大五人格量表对其进行调查。结果 在Link 病耻感量表中,藏族患者的退缩因子分 高于汉族患者［（2.45±0.25）分,（2.33±0.24）分;t=-2.082,P＜ 0.05］;在大五人格量表中,藏族患者神经 质因子分低于汉族患者［（3.16±0.51）分,（3.79±0.64）分;t=2.153,P＜ 0.05］,外倾性因子分高于汉族患 者［（2.78±0.63）分,（2.22±0.68）分;t=2.747,P＜ 0.05］。在藏族患者中,大五人格的开放性因子分与歧 视-感知量表、情感体验量表的得分呈负相关（r=-0.337、-0.311,P＜ 0.01）,而严谨性因子分与两者呈正 相关（r=0.404、0.375,P＜0.01）,同时神经质因子分与歧视-感知量表的得分呈正相关（r=0.305,P＜0.01）。 结论 藏族首发抑郁症患者有异于汉族患者的病耻感特点,并受人格因素的影响。     

Early stages in the formation of the cerebellum in the frog

The formation of the cerebellum was studied during the first 6 months of the tadpole stage of the bullfrog by using standard histological methods and reconstructions from serial horizontal sections. Three major developmental phases were noted in the formation of the cerebellum. (1) During the first 5 weeks of development, the neuroepithelium proliferated and the dorsal mesencephalic plates increased in size. (2) Starting in the sixth week, a patch of neuroepithelium began to differentiate and gave rise to a small population of Purkinje cells. In subsequent weeks, the area of differentiation continued to spread and a Purkinje cell layer became established along the dorsal margin of the cerebellar plate. (3) In the 12th week, the ventrolateral part of the cerebellar plate began to increase in size and generate two populations of small cells. The lateralmost part of the neuroepithelium in this area generated a group of cells that formed an external granular layer that was one cell deep. Cells of this external granular layer migrated inward into the primitive molecular layer, and by the 26th week only a remnant of an external granular layer remained in the cerebellum. The more medially situated part of the neuroepithelium gave rise to another population of small cells that formed a column, which appeared to be continuous with the Purkinje cells, but differed from them in size. It should be noted that full maturation of the cerebellum occurs during metamorphosis, which in this species remains some 2 years away.     

Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach

The propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.     

Dysthymic disorder in the aged in the community

Summary The prevalence of dysthymic disorder and and its relationship to social and health variables were investigated in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. The prevalence was lower in men (17.2 per 100) than in women (22.9 per 100). In the total population the occurrence was higher in the widowed (24.9 per 100) than in the married (18.3 per 100). In men, dysthymic disorder was more common in those with a lower educational level (22.6 per 100) than with a higher educational level (15.1 per 100), and more common in persons receiving long-term institutional care or home nursing or home help (28.7 per 100) than in persons living independently at home (14.6 per 100). The rate was not related to age, marital status or occupation. In women, the occurrence was not related to age, marital status, education, occupation or form of social and health care. The female rate was higher than the male in the older group (70 yrs. +), in married persons, in those with a higher educational level and in those living independently at home. Underdiagnosing was evident. The occurrence of dysthymic disorder was related to poor health and poor functional status and to the occurrence of social and health stressors. No differences were found in the occurrence of the related factors between persons with dysthymic disorder and persons with major depression. Our results support the conclusion that the majority of cases of dysthymic disorders in the elderly are affective illnesses and not personality disorders.     

Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat

Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned to one of these 3 groups. The diameters of the receptive field centers of the tonic-on pretectal cell were clustered about a mean of 31° and the temporal response of these cells was sustained. Constriction of the contralateral pupil was produced by electrical stimulation through the recording electrode at sites containing tonic-on pretectal cells, but not at sites containing tonic-off pretectal cells or phasic pretectal cells. For this reason, we argue that tonic-on cells are likely to mediate constriction in the light reflex of the rat's pupil. Receptive field maps together with electrolytic marking lesions at recording and stimulation sites showed that tonic-on pretectal cells are retinotopically organized and are aggregated in a strip running from the dorso-medial tip of the pretectum to the ventro-lateral boundary. The anatomical distribution of these cells is coextensive with the region known as the pretectal olivary nucleus (PO) in the rat^26,27.Using fine microelectrodes, recordings were obtained from 27 axons presumed origin (fibers). Of these, 14 were tonic-on, 10 were phasic, 2 were tonic-off, and 2 were unclassified. Recordings from tonic-on fibers were obtained near tonic-on pretectal cells, typically in the most dorsal light-responsiveness region of the pretectum. These fibers were activated by single pulse electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The mean receptive field center diameter of 6 tonic-on fibers was 10.1°, or about a factor of 3 less than that of pretectal tonic-on cells. The mean conduction velocity of 14 tonic-on fibers was 3.1 m/s.We argue that the tonic-on cells of the PO serve to integrate signals from tonic-on center retinal ganglion cells with adjacent receptive fields to provide signals for constriction of the pupil to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.     

Organization in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat

Organization of the fibers in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord was investigated in cats. The spinal cord was penetrated with microelectrodes at 400 mum intervals in the medio-lateral direction at the c5/c6 and c6/c7 segmental borders. Silicon substrate microelectrodes with a linear arrangement of activated iridium contacts were used. The stimulus consisted of a 20 ms train of charge balanced biphasic current pulses at 330 Hz. The evoked activities from selected forelimb muscles were acquired into computer. Only the data points with an activation threshold of less than 35 muA were considered in the analysis. Muscle contractions were mostly in the form of short twitches. In both spinal segments, an area of high threshold was found in the middle of the dorsolateral funiculus. Majority of the muscles studied had a dorsal or ventral concentration of activation points. The distal muscles were mostly activated in the ventro-lateral aspect of the funiculus, while the elbow muscle maps spread to both dorsal and ventral sides. These results show a functional organization in both cervical segments studied, with overlapping regions between the areas dedicated for each forelimb muscle.     

Experiences in the United States--a difference in the status in the United States and that in Japan]

Child and adolescent psychiatry has been established as a subspecialty in the United States. The systematic education, training and research opportunities are currently available and child and adolescent psychiatry is a major part of psychiatric practice in the US. However, there are many burdens to overcome to provide adequate child mental health care. Several important focus on child mental health care in US are to 1) improve the assessment of and recognition of mental health needs in children, 2) promote scientifically-proven and evidence based interventions and 3) increase access to and coordination of quality mental health care services. To understand the current status and problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in US may help the Japanese psychiatrists to develop and establish child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan.     

Asymmetry in the structural organization of the ganglion layer of the retina in the frog

Silver-impregnated retinal preparations were used to study the distribution density and topographic features of small and large ganglionic cells (GC) of Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. For both species the increased density of GC (a streak) stretched higher than the naso-temporal axis passing through the optic disk. Beyond the streak the density of small GC was maximal in the central zone of the retina and decreased towards its periphery. For the upper quadrants of the retina the density of small GC was higher than that for the lower ones by 26% on the average. On the contrary, the density of large GC was higher in the lower part of the retina as compared to the upper one, the difference being more pronounced for R. temporaria. The density of large GC was also asymmetric with respect to the dorso-ventral axis being higher in nasal quadrants than in temporal ones by 40-55%. The highest density of large GC was found in the middle zone of the retina. The found structural asymmetry in the retinal output raster may bear an adaptively ecological meaning and may condition the particularities of the formation of the visually guided prey-catching and avoidance reactions.     

Apoplexy in the everyday practice in the eighteenth century

We report the original recipes applied to treat apoplexy in the eighteenth century, as written in the personal notes of doctor of that century.     

Local nonuniformities in the syncytium of the horizontal cells of the retina in the turtle

Electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina was investigated by means of two microelectrodes (current and recording ones) penetrating neighbouring cells at a fixed distance from each other. The morphological coupling was revealed by means of fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. The electrical coupling was confirmed between elements of similar type (L1--axonal terminals, or L2--cell bodies, or R/G type cells) and no coupling was found between elements of different types, though L1 and L2 are directly connected through thin axons. In the L1 syncytium the electrical coupling at small (less than or equal to 50 microns) but fixed distances between microelectrodes could differ several times depending on the minimal displacement of microelectrodes. This local nonuniformity of coupling can be explained on the basis of structural nonuniformities in the L1 (axon terminal) network. It is unlikely however that the structural nonuniformities can influence the functional properties of horizontal cell network when the retina is stimulated adequately (by light).