化疗对胃肠肿瘤患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨化疗对胃肠肿瘤患者认知功能的影响。方法采用词汇流畅、连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop任务5项神经心理测试,对87例胃肠肿瘤患者(胃肠肿瘤组)化疗前、化疗结束后半年的认知功能进行评定,以60例正常健康人(正常组)为对照。结果 (1)化疗前胃肠肿瘤组各认知功能评测与正常组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)化疗后胃肠肿瘤组的连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop颜色、Stroop色词干扰成绩较化疗前明显下降(P0.01),化疗后胃肠肿瘤组的连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop颜色、Stroop色词干扰成绩也较正常组差(P0.05)。结论化疗对胃肠肿瘤患者的认知功能有损害。     

精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者的认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者认知功能损害特点。方法:运用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验-共识版(MCCB)和Stroop色词测验对精神分裂症超高危者(超危组)、首次发病患者(首发组)及正常对照者(正常组)进行认知功能评定,每组各20例。结果:3组间连线测试和霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(HVLT-R)成绩差异无统计学意义;符号编码、简易视觉记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、持续操作测验(CPT)成绩各组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);超危组成绩介于首发组与正常组。结论:精神分裂症患者发病前已出现认知功能损害,并可能随疾病发作进一步加重。     

奥氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症认知功能影响的对照研究

目的 比较两种非经典抗精神病药奥氮平、利培酮对精神分裂症病人认知功能的影响.方法 62例急性发病期的精神分裂症患者(包括首发与复发)为研究对象,随机分为两组,分别予以奥氮平、利培酮治疗12周,在基线和12周末分别用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)、韦氏智能测验的数字广度和数字符号测验、连线测验A、连线测验B、MMSE依次评价疗效、安全性、认知功能.结果 12周末时两组的PANSS量表总分和各因子分较基线时有显著差异,治疗后两组之间无统计学差异.12周末与基线时比较奥氮平在数字广度顺背数、数字符号、TMT-A连线时间、TMT-A正确数、TMT-B连线时间、MMSE比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).利培酮组在数字广度、数字符号、TMT-A连线时间、TMT-B连线时间、MMSE上有统计学的差异(P＜0.05).12周末时,两组之间相比较,显示利培酮在数字广度顺背数、TMT-B连线时间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组之间不良反应比较,利培酮组肌强直高于奥氮平组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 奥氮平组和利培酮组治疗精神分裂症疗效相当,改善认知功能疗效相当,利培酮可能在改善注意方面优于奥氮平.     

缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能

目的:了解缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A和B、数字广度测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及字色混淆测验(stroop)对62例缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者(患者组)和62名健康者(对照组)进行有关言语学习和记忆、非言语学习和记忆、注意以及执行功能的神经心理学评定,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果:患者组在即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、连线测验A和B、WCST正确应答数、完成分类数、持续性错误数以及Stroop C-W操作分上均显著低于对照组(P<0.05~0.01)。结论:双相情感性精神障碍患者的认知缺陷有其特点。     

无痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者执行功能损害特征分析

目的探讨无痴呆型血管性认知障碍（VCIND）患者执行功能损害的特征。方法采用语义与语音流畅试验、数字符号编码测验、连线测验、画钟测验和Stroop色词测验对43例VCIND患者和35名性别、年龄和文化程度相匹配的正常对照进行测试。结果与正常对照组相比,VCIND组患者计时类测验明显低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）,计分类测验中数字符号编码测验、语义与语音流畅试验低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）,其中Stroop色词测验计分（P＜0.05）。与正常对照组比较,VCIND组画钟测验评分无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论VCIND患者执行功能损害主要表现为转换障碍、工作记忆损害、知觉运动与信息处理速度减慢。     

拉莫三嗪与卡马西平对新诊断癫（疒间）患者认知功能及生活质量影响的对照研究

目的研究新型抗癫药物拉莫三嗪(LTG)和传统抗癫药物卡马西平(CBZ)对新诊断部分发作性癫患者认知功能和生活质量的影响。方法采用随机、对照的临床研究方法,将符合标准的50例癫患者进行一组神经心理学和癫患者生活质量量表31(QOLIE31),以及头颅CT/MR、脑电图等检查,之后随机分别给予CBZ和LTG治疗。12周后复查相同检查。结果CBZ组治疗后较治疗前:逻辑延迟记忆下降,数字符号减少,QOLIE31中综合QOL和总体健康水平得分增加((P<0.05或0.01)),但药物影响和认知功能得分均下降(P<0.01);LTG组治疗后较治疗前:A型、B型连线测验时间、stroop读色时间减少,逻辑记忆、逻辑延迟记忆、计算力以及数字符号增加(P<0.05或0.01),QOLIE31中情绪、总体健康水平、精力/疲乏、社会功能得分增加(P<0.05或0.01),药物影响得分下降(P<0.01),认知功能得分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。CBZ与LTG组治疗前后差值比较:LTG组A型连线时间减少(P<0.01),stroop读字正确数、逻辑延迟记忆、数字符号增加(P<0.05或0.01),LTG在药物影响和认知功能得分均优于CBZ组(P<0.01)。结论LTG在一定程度上可以改善新诊断部分发作性癫患者认知功能和生活质量。目的研究新型抗癫药物拉莫三嗪(LTG)和传统抗癫药物卡马西平(CBZ)对新诊断部分发作性癫患者认知功能和生活质量的影响。方法采用随机、对照的临床研究方法,将符合标准的50例癫患者进行一组神经心理学和癫患者生活质量量表31(QOLIE31),以及头颅CT/MR、脑电图等检查,之后随机分别给予CBZ和LTG治疗。12周后复查相同检查。结果CBZ组治疗后较治疗前:逻辑延迟记忆下降,数字符号减少,QOLIE31中综合QOL和总体健康水平得分增加((P<0.05或0.01)),但药物影响和认知功能得分均下降(P<0.01);LTG组治疗后较治疗前:A型、B型连线测验时间、stroop读色时间减少,逻辑记忆、逻辑延迟记忆、计算力以及数字符号增加(P<0.05或0.01),QOLIE31中情绪、总体健康水平、精力/疲乏、社会功能得分增加(P<0.05或0.01),药物影响得分下降(P<0.01),认知功能得分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。CBZ与LTG组治疗前后差值比较:LTG组A型连线时间减少(P<0.01),stroop读字正确数、逻辑延迟记忆、数字符号增加(P<0.05或0.01),LTG在药物影响和认知功能得分均优于CBZ组(P<0.01)。结论LTG在一定程度上可以改善新诊断部分发作性癫患者认知功能和生活质量。     

双相情感障碍I型患者病情缓解后认知功能的1年随访研究

目的:探讨双相情感障碍I型患者认知功能的损害特点。方法:纳入66例缓解期双相情感障碍I型患者和66名正常对照者,随访1年,分别采用数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背)、连线测验A(TMT-A)、连线测验B(TMT-B)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定,比较基线和1年后认知功能的变化。两次评定时要求患者均处于缓解期。结果:①患者组数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背)、TMTA、TMT-B和WSCT(总错误数和持续错误数)成绩均差于正常对照组(P均0.01),1年后这种损害持续存在,并且保持稳定不变(P0.05)。②患者组顺背、倒背、TMT-A和数字符号均与病程显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),患者组顺背、TMT-A和数字符号均与职业情况显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),未发现任何认知功能指标与发病年龄和缓解时间相关(P0.05)。结论:双相情感障碍I型患者病情缓解后仍存在明显的注意、记忆和执行功能损害,并且这种损害1年后持续存在,无进一步恶化。     

帕金森病患者认知功能特点及合并快动眼睡眠障碍对认知功能的影响

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者的认知功能特点及PD合并快动眼睡眠障碍(PD-RBD)对认知功能的影响。方法选取PD患者50例(PD组),PD-RBD患者15例(PD-RBD组),健康对照者50名(对照组)。收集3组研究对象的详细人口学资料和临床信息,进行完整的认知功能评估,分析比较PD、PD-RBD患者和健康对照组的认知功能特点。结果单因素方差分析结果显示各组间差异有统计学意义的区域:包括RVLT再认、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形模仿时间和评分、流畅性测试、符号数字转换测试、Stroop色词测试时间及连线测试的A和B部分。两两比较中,PD-RBD组在RVLT再认、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形模仿时间、Stroop色词测试时间及连线测试B部分表现最差。结论 PD患者认知功能受损与RBD密切相关,RBD可能是PD认知功能障碍的重要危险因素。     

双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能

目的探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能。方法纳入双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属120例和年龄、性别、受教育年限匹配的正常对照100名。采用数字符号、连线测验A(Trail Making Test A,TMT-A)检测注意功能,数字广度、视觉再生检测注意和记忆功能,数字广度倒背和连线测验B(Trail Making Test B,TMT-B)检测执行功能,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果一级亲属组数字符号、数字广度(顺、倒、顺+倒)、视觉再生、TMT-A、TMT-B成绩均较正常对照组差,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.44、-4.23、-4.32、-4.98、-2.59、4.32、3.78,P值均小于等于0.01)。将年龄和受教育年限作为协变量进行两组间协方差分析,结果仍同前,两组间上述所有认知功能指标的差异仍均有统计学意义(P0.05)。按性别分组后比较,男性亲属组所有认知指标的成绩均较男性对照组差(P0.05),但女性亲属组只有数字广度倒背和总分、TMT-A、TMT-B的成绩较女性对照组差(P0.05)。结论双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属存在注意、记忆和执行功能损害,他们可能是双相Ⅰ型的易感素质指标。     

伴精神病性症状的稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能MoCA评估及相关因素分析

目的探讨伴精神病性症状的稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能特点及相关因素。方法选择我院2013-01—2015-01收治的稳定期双相障碍2型72例患者为病例组,根据患者是否伴精神病性症状分为病例2组(n=41,伴精神病性症状)和病例3组(n=31,无精神病性症状),并选取同时期门诊健康体检者40例为对照组,比较3组认知功能评价量表(MoCA)评分,并通过Spearman相关性分析伴精神病性症状的稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能与相关因素之间的相关性。结果病例组数字符号、数字广度均低于对照组,卡片测验、连线测验成绩高于对照组(P0.05);病例1组和病例2组数字符号、数字广度、卡片测验、连线测验成绩比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman相关性分析结果显示,数字符号、数字广度(顺背、总分)、连线测验(连线测验-A、连线测验-B)与YMRS评分、HAMD评分存在显著相关性(P0.05)。结论伴精神病性症状的稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能存在明显受损,且与患者抑郁、躁狂程度及病程有密切关系。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Dissociation and Counterdissociation: Nuanced and Binary Perceptions of Good and Evil

Dissociated experiences are often communicated to analysts. Clinicians may absorb patients' dissociation, thereby creating “counterdissociated” states. Counterdissociation contributes to binary thinking in the analyst similar to black- and-white thinking commonly seen in patients' dissociated states. This can have both positive and negative effects: Counterdissociation may help therapists identify with patients' experience, thereby cementing the therapeutic bond. If analysts remain counterdissociated, however, patients may remain dissociated. As analysts identify their counterdissociation, they may gain insight into patients' needs for dissociation. As they overcome counterdissociation, patients may concurrently overcome dissociation. This allows both to have a more nuanced view of inner experience. With two extended case studies of sexually abused men, this article tracks how an analyst deals with counterdissociation created through intimate contact with dissociated positive and negative introjects of victimizers, thus forming identifications or overidentifications with the patients' abused parts.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia

Introduction

Cardiac function is a key player in maintaining energy homeostasis in the brain. Heart failure is closely related to higher risk of neurocognitive disorders. Recent evidence shows that this relationship might not be limited to patients with advanced heart failure, and even suboptimal cardiac functioning is associated with accelerated brain aging. Hence, hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers may provide valuable information about the risk of dementia.