颞叶白质纤维束及相关结构的显微解剖学研究

目的 对颞叶白质纤维束及相关结构进行显微解剖学研究,分析其功能及临床意义.方法 选取100 g/L甲醛固定的国人成年尸体头颅标本10例(20侧大脑半球),在4～25倍手术显微镜辅助下,运用Klingler纤维剥离技术,解剖剥离大脑半球,观察颞叶白质纤维束及相关结构.结果 颞叶内存在大量复杂的白质纤维束,在侧脑室颞角周围尤为复杂.在颞角外侧由外向内依次有上纵束的垂直部、颞枕桥束、枕额下束、视辐射前中束.在颞角顶部上方由上向下依次有最外囊与外囊的颞盖部分、听辐射、钩状束、颞枕桥束出内囊的部分、部分枕额下束、前连合、视辐射前中束(包括Meyer's环)、脑脚袢、终纹.胼胝体放射组成侧脑室颞角外侧壁,其顶壁主要由尾状核尾及终纹构成,杏仁核组成颞角尖的前壁、上壁及内侧壁,海马构成侧脑室颞角的内侧壁.脑脚袢是侧脑室颞角内侧的一个重要结构.结论 颞叶内存在大量的白质纤维束,在侧脑室颞角尤为复杂,了解颞叶白质纤维束及相关结构的解剖特点,能够对颞叶部位的手术提供理论指导,减少手术并发症,降低手术致病率.     

岛叶形态结构特点、毗邻关系及相关入路的解剖学研究

目的 提供岛叶及其相邻结构的解剖数据以指导该区域的显微外科手术,以期更好的完成岛叶相关手术人路. 方法 对15具(30侧)经10%福尔马林同定的国人成年头颅标本进行研究,测量和描述岛叶自身解剖结构标志及其与周围相关结构的距离. 结果 岛叶是旁边缘结构的一部分,它构成大脑皮层的内陷部分,形成外侧裂的基底部.岛叶由额眶盖、额顶盖和颞盖共同围成的岛盖部包绕,内侧移行为钩状的最外囊即为岛叶皮质下的白质部分,向内与外囊、屏状核、内囊、豆状核、尾状核和背侧丘脑相邻,形成一个倒金字塔形的结构分隔端脑与边缘结构. 结论 熟悉岛叶及其周围结构的显微解剖,能指导术者经岛叶入路治疗基底节区脑出血、岛叶胶质瘤、颢叶癫痫等该区域的一系列神经外科的多发病与常见病.     

岛叶区白质纤维解剖研究

目的 研究岛叶区域解剖及经岛叶入路,为临床手术提供指导.方法 对15例尸头进行解剖研究,其中5例行白质纤维解剖研究.对10名健康志愿者进行弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)研究.结果 颞干主要由钩状束、额枕下束、前连合及视辐射构成.打开外侧裂可暴露岛叶,在下环岛沟做一切口可进入侧脑室颞角,打开脉络裂颢部能到达中脑周围池,可暴露脚池后部、环池及四叠体池前部.结论 经岛叶入路可用于处理基底节区、颞叶内侧、中脑周围池病变.术中需注意保护颞干,DTT可更好地指导手术.     

弥散张量纤维束成像在高血压性脑出血中的初步应用

目的 应用磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像技术观察基底节区高血压性脑出血内囊白质纤维束的受损情况,探讨弥散张量成像纤维束技术在高血压性脑出血中的临床应用价值.方法 于入院时采用Brunnstrom评分法对20例基底节区高血压性脑出血患者偏瘫肢体运动功能进行评价,对所有患者进行磁共振弥散张量成像检查,应用日本东京大学的Volume-one 1.72下的Dtv.Ⅱ.R2软件进行白质纤维束成像,比较观察双侧内囊白质纤维束形态.结果 健侧内囊白质纤维束解剖形态与正常人大致相吻合,患侧内囊白质纤维束则受血肿的侵犯,表现为受压、移位、不同程度的破坏;患侧皮质脊髓束受损级别和患肢肌力有明显相关性(r's=-0.8911,P<0.05).结论 通过弥散张量纤维束成像可以了解基底节区高血压性脑出血患者内囊白质纤维束的损伤情况,这有助于临床医生全面掌握病情.     

白质纤维束示踪成像技术在高血压脑出血中的初步应用

目的探讨白质纤维束示踪成像技术在高血压脑出血中的临床应用价值。方法对我院8例急性期情况稳定的高血压脑出血患者进行磁共振弥散张量成像,应用日本东京大学的Volume-one1.72和Diffusion Ten-sor Visualizer(dTV)软件进行三维白质纤维束示踪成像,观察以内囊为主的白质纤维束的压迫、推移、破坏情况。结果8例患者均行磁共振弥散张量成像并行内囊白质纤维束示踪成像,可清楚看到内囊白质纤维束受血肿压迫、推移、破坏情况,由患侧内囊追踪到的相对纤维束条目数少于健侧内囊(P<0.005)。结论白质纤维束示踪成像技术可以清楚显示高血压脑出血后内囊白质纤维束的受累情况。     

阿尔茨海默病颞干纤维束扩散张量成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像(DTI)研究阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害患者白质和颞干纤维束部分各向异性(FA)值变化特点,探讨颞干纤维束损伤机制及其对阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法应用常规MRI和DTI测量阿尔茨海默病(10例)、遗忘型轻度认知损害(10例)和正常对照者(10例)颞干纤维束(包括前连合、钩束、额枕下束)及前额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶白质FA值,比较各组受试者左右侧对称部位白质和颞干纤维束FA值变化。结果各组受试者左右侧对称部位白质和颞干纤维束FA值差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),但其前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶白质FA值差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。其中,阿尔茨海默病组前连合、钩束、额枕下束FA值低于遗忘型轻度认知损害组(均P0.05),前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶、顶叶白质FA值低于正常对照组(均P0.05);而遗忘型轻度认知损害组与正常对照组前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶白质FA值差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害患者与正常老年人颞干纤维束FA值存在显著差异,提示颞干纤维束在阿尔茨海默病患者白质损伤中具有重要意义,DTI检查有助于阿尔茨海默病与遗忘型轻度认知损害和正常老龄化的鉴别诊断。阿尔茨海默病前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶、顶叶白质FA值异常具有良好的临床诊断价值。     

皮质下梗死后认知功能障碍与白质纤维束完整性的扩散张量成像研究

目的采用扩散张量成像(DTI)分析白质纤维束完整性和损伤程度,并探讨脑卒中后认知功能障碍的发生机制。方法选择2016年3月至2018年12月共37例皮质下梗死患者,采用蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价认知功能,同时通过DTI获取关键兴趣区白质纤维束部分各向异性(FA),Pearson相关分析和偏相关分析探讨白质纤维束FA值与MoCA评分的相关性,并采用多因素线性逐步回归分析验证二者的线性数量关系。结果相关分析显示,皮质下梗死后认知功能障碍患者MoCA评分与患侧内囊前肢、前后放射冠、钩束、上纵束和下额枕束,健侧扣带回及双侧外囊FA值呈正相关(均P 0.05);进一步行多因素线性逐步回归,患侧上纵束(P=0.042)和下额枕束(P=0.006)FA值与MoCA评分存在线性回归关系。结论患侧上纵束和下额枕束完整性损害可以作为皮质下梗死后认知功能障碍的影像学标记。     

路易体痴呆和帕金森病白质纤维束改变的比较

目的研究路易体痴呆(DLB)和帕金森病(PD)患者的脑白质纤维束的改变情况。方法对10例DLB患者(DLB组)、16例PD患者(PD组)及16例正常对照者(正常对照组)进行DTI扫描,采用基于纤维骨架的空间统计方法(TBSS)对三组全脑DTI的各向异性分数(FA)和平均弥散率(MD)两两比较,并分析FA值、MD值与临床数据的相关性。结果与正常对照组比较,DLB组左下纵束、左下额枕束、双侧上纵束FA值、MD值明显改变(P=0.002,P=0.012;P=0.013,P=0.015),而PD组仅胼胝体白质纤维束MD值明显改变(P=0.036)。与PD组比较,DLB组左下纵束、左下额枕束FA值、MD值明显改变(P=0.04;P=0.005)。DLB组左下纵束、左下额枕束FA值与病程呈负相关(r=-0.708,P0.05),与MMSE评分呈正相关(r=0.023,P0.05),左上纵束MD值与统一PD评定量表Ⅲ呈正相关(r=0.682,P0.05)。结论 DLB患者会出现明显的白质纤维束改变,尤其是左下纵束、左下额枕束的改变对DLB的早期诊断有着重要的参考价值。     

远外侧入路的解剖学基础

目的 通过显微外科解剖学方法探讨寰枕区解剖结构的特点,为深入理解和施行远外侧入路手术提供解剖学基础.方法 观察6具(12侧)尸头寰枕区枕动脉走行与位置、椎动脉与枕后肌肉三角的关系,以及小脑后下动脉的起始位置;并于导航系统引导下测量寰枕关节磨除程度与手术视野显露的关系和后组脑神经在切口处的位置.结果 经远外侧入路手术时,倒"U"形切口显露清晰、手术视野优于直线切口.6具(12侧)尸头枕动脉均走行于头夹肌的下方和头最长肌的上方;在枕后肌肉三角内均有椎动脉走行并于硬膜外发出肌支和硬膜支;11侧小脑后下动脉起源于硬膜内椎动脉,1侧起源于硬膜外椎动脉.寰枕关节磨除至根部可清楚地显露硬膜内小脑后下动脉起始部及第Ⅸ(舌咽神经)、X(迷走神经)和Ⅺ对(副神经)脑神经,但距第Ⅻ对脑神经(舌下神经)的距离较远[(7.20±2.33)cm];磨除寰枕关节后1/3,至舌下神经和脑干腹侧的手术距离明显缩短[(6.50±2.31)cm];二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.743,P=0.008).结论 经远外侧入路施行延髓腹侧和腹外侧病变手术可清楚地显露下斜坡邻近区、延髓腹侧和小脑后下动脉起始部.手术中应注意保护枕后肌肉三角内的椎动脉或起源于椎动脉硬膜外段的小脑后下动脉.对于舌下神经外侧病变无需磨除寰枕关节,需要时以磨除后1/3为宜,进一步磨除寰枕关节只能减少手术视野的深度而不能扩大显露范围.     

弥漫性轴索损伤

弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)属于闭合性原发弥漫性脑损伤。是由于头部成角、加(减)速运动或旋转性暴力出现弥漫性轴索扭曲、肿胀、断裂及皮髓质交界区穿行血管中断所致。好发于皮髓质交界区、胼胝体、尾状核、丘脑、内囊及中脑被盖的背外侧。其病理变化包括:(1)广泛性轴索损害,累及大脑、脑干和小脑的白质和大脑深部核质,包括中线旁皮质下白质、胼胝体、穹窿柱、内囊、基底节及丘脑、齿状核背侧小脑叶、皮质脊髓束、内侧丘脑系、内侧纵束等。(2)胼胝体局限性出血灶。(3)上脑干背外     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.