岛叶区白质纤维解剖研究

目的 研究岛叶区域解剖及经岛叶入路,为临床手术提供指导.方法 对15例尸头进行解剖研究,其中5例行白质纤维解剖研究.对10名健康志愿者进行弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)研究.结果 颞干主要由钩状束、额枕下束、前连合及视辐射构成.打开外侧裂可暴露岛叶,在下环岛沟做一切口可进入侧脑室颞角,打开脉络裂颢部能到达中脑周围池,可暴露脚池后部、环池及四叠体池前部.结论 经岛叶入路可用于处理基底节区、颞叶内侧、中脑周围池病变.术中需注意保护颞干,DTT可更好地指导手术.     

阿尔茨海默病颞干纤维束扩散张量成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像(DTI)研究阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害患者白质和颞干纤维束部分各向异性(FA)值变化特点,探讨颞干纤维束损伤机制及其对阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法应用常规MRI和DTI测量阿尔茨海默病(10例)、遗忘型轻度认知损害(10例)和正常对照者(10例)颞干纤维束(包括前连合、钩束、额枕下束)及前额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶白质FA值,比较各组受试者左右侧对称部位白质和颞干纤维束FA值变化。结果各组受试者左右侧对称部位白质和颞干纤维束FA值差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),但其前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶白质FA值差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。其中,阿尔茨海默病组前连合、钩束、额枕下束FA值低于遗忘型轻度认知损害组(均P0.05),前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶、顶叶白质FA值低于正常对照组(均P0.05);而遗忘型轻度认知损害组与正常对照组前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶白质FA值差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知损害患者与正常老年人颞干纤维束FA值存在显著差异,提示颞干纤维束在阿尔茨海默病患者白质损伤中具有重要意义,DTI检查有助于阿尔茨海默病与遗忘型轻度认知损害和正常老龄化的鉴别诊断。阿尔茨海默病前连合、钩束、额枕下束及前额叶、顶叶白质FA值异常具有良好的临床诊断价值。     

语义性痴呆结构性磁共振成像研究

目的分析语义性痴呆患者灰质和白质结构变化,提高对其病理改变和发生机制的认识。方法采用3.0T MRI扫描仪对16例语义性痴呆患者和17例正常对照者进行全脑扫描,扫描序列包括三维高分辨力结构像和扩散张量成像(DTI)。通过专业统计软件分别对全脑灰质密度和白质纤维束部分各向异性(FA)值进行分析,比较两组受试者全脑灰质密度(P0.001,Voxel338)和白质纤维束FA值(P0.005,Voxel103)。结果与对照组相比,语义性痴呆组患者双侧颞叶,特别是颞极表现为灰质密度显著降低,以左侧大脑半球额颞顶叶灰质密度减低区域更为广泛,包括左侧颞下回、缘上回、顶下回和额中回;同时双侧颞叶白质纤维束FA值显著降低,包括双侧钩束、左侧扣带(海马)纤维和双侧下额枕束。白质纤维束FA值分析结果与VBM法所显示的灰质密度在解剖学上呈现极高的一致性。结论本研究在体揭示了语义性痴呆的病理学和解剖学基础,为理解语义性痴呆的病理学机制提供了客观佐证。     

视放射显微解剖与颞叶切除术后视野缺损

目的 经过人尸脑内视放射纤维解剖,研究颞叶切除术后视野缺损的机制.方法 人尸脑标本冷冻2周以上用自来水融冻后作为解剖用标本.用显微神经外科手术技术从大脑外侧面由浅入深进行脑内神经纤维的解剖,其中视放射解剖经过用立体照相技术予以纪录.结果 视放射从外侧膝状体起始,途经颞叶和顶叶到达枕叶视觉皮质区.视放射中央束和部分后束纤维集中在侧脑室颞角后部的顶壁和房部前壁之内.成功解剖Meyer袢前界,Meyer袢最前方纤维部分向前伸入到杏仁核实质之内.侧裂点与脑岛后角位置相当,在侧脑室房部的外侧,并在外侧膝状体的上后方.结论 向后越过Meyer袢前界的损伤可导致术后视野缺损.因视放射最前部纤维伸入到杏仁核实质之内,所以颞叶切除术后视野缺损并发症几乎不可完全避免.术后视野缺损程度与视放射纤维受损程度呈成正相关,轻者为象限性盲,重者为偏盲;视野缺损严重者具有黄斑视力和后束纤维的损伤.     

屏状核与其周围白质纤维束关系的显微解剖学研究

目的 对屏状核及其周围的白质纤维束进行显微解剖学关系研究,并分析其功能意义.方法 在4～25倍手术显微镜下,运用Klingler纤维剥离技术,解剖剥离10例被10％甲醛固定的成人尸头,观察屏状核及其周围白质的解剖结构.结果 屏状核分为两部分:位于后上的背侧屏状核及位于前下的腹侧屏状核.屏状核是一位于岛叶深部、为众多白质所包绕的不规则薄层状灰质,屏状核内侧和背侧是外囊纤维,外侧为最外囊纤维,腹侧是钩状束及枕额下束,后下为内囊的豆核下部纤维由内向外穿出.其中来自钩状束、枕额下束的纤维进入或横贯腹侧部屏状核,来自外囊的纤维起始或终止于背侧屏状核,来自最外囊的部分纤维起始或终止于背侧屏状核,来自内囊豆核下部的部分纤维进入或横贯屏状核后下极.结论 通过研究屏状核周围白质纤维束的解剖功能学或许可以为屏状核的功能研究提供一条新的思路.     

帕金森病合并认知功能障碍与脑白质纤维束改变的关系

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)合并认知功能障碍与认知相关脑白质纤维束改变的关系。方法纳入PD患者35例,根据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分将PD患者分为PD认知功能正常组(PD-nCI,n=14)和PD认知功能障碍组(PD-CI,n=21);另选择同期行查体的健康志愿者20名作为对照组。所有受试者行弥散张量成像(DTI)检查,通过基于纤维束的空间统计分析(tract-based spatial statistics,TBSS)方法选出与认知相关的脑白质纤维束,并测量各纤维束部分各向异性(fractional anisotropy,FA)值。比较各组不同纤维束FA值差异,采用Pearson相关分析法分析PD-CI组差异有统计学意义的纤维束FA值与MoCA评分的相关性。结果(1)3组间胼胝体膝部、胼胝体体部、胼胝体压部、右扣带回(海马)、左扣带回(海马)、右穹窿/终纹、左穹窿/终纹、右上额枕束、左上额枕束FA值比较存在统计学差异(均P0.05),PD-nCI组和PD-CI组间胼胝体膝部、胼胝体体部、胼胝体压部、右扣带回(海马)、左扣带回(海马)、左穹窿/终纹、右上额枕束、左上额枕束FA值比较存在统计学差异(均P0.05);(2)PD-CI组胼胝体压部、右扣带回(海马)、右上额枕束、左上额枕束FA值与MoCA评分呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论 PD患者认知功能损害程度与胼胝体压部、右扣带回(海马)、右上额枕束和左上额枕束等纤维束病变严重程度呈正相关。     

侧脑室颞角显微解剖与相关手术入路的研究

目的 研究侧脑室颞角显微手术解剖.方法 结合侧脑室颞角手术入路对13个成人尸头进行侧脑审颞角及脉络膜裂显微镜下解剖,获取图像资料.结果 打开侧脑室颞角后海马及侧副隆起为主要标志.颞角脑室壁与丘脑、尾状核、胼胝体及穹窿等神经结构相关,进一步打开颞角脉络膜裂可暴露环池和大脑脚池内的脉络膜前动脉及脉络膜后外侧动脉.结论 组成颢角的神经结构重要,暴露颢角时应注意保护神经功能区,打开脉络膜裂可治疗累及颢叶内侧及环池的病变.     

白塞病脑动脉炎1例

患者,男,11岁。4个月前无明显诱因口腔、外阴反复溃疡,治疗无效,在当地医院诊断“白塞病”。两周后患儿出现抽搐并进行性加重,每天5-6次,无发热。腰穿化验未见异常。 MR检查:平扫显示左侧脑室扩大,侧裂池增宽,左侧大脑半球额、颞、枕及顶叶白质呈大片不规则长T1长T2异常信号, 脑皮质明显变薄,呈广泛线样高信号。T2FLAIR序列:左侧额、颞、枕、顶皮层下脑白质及脑室前后角旁白质呈高信号     

室管膜下型灰质异位脑纤维结构连接的MR弥散张量成像研究

目的观察室管膜下型灰质异位（PNH）所发出白质纤维束的空间分布形式以及与正常脑组织的空间位置关系。方法8例以癫痫症状就诊的PNH患者经3．0T磁共振仪T1及T：加权成像诊断,并采集弥散张量成像数据。采用白质纤维束追踪技术,以异位灰质团块作为种子点,对异位灰质相连的白质纤维束进行描绘,并观察总结其空间分布模式及与其他大脑结构之间的关系。结果异位灰质白质纤维束有以下分布特点：①异位灰质均能发出自身的白质纤维,其中有4例表现为仅与位于同侧大脑半球的长联络纤维连接;3例除联络纤维外,还可见到其白质纤维参与对侧的胼胝体连接;6例可见到连接至皮层的弓状纤维;②结构连接空间模式与灰质异位所处位置有关,位于侧脑室前角旁的异位灰质发出的联络纤维主要分布于前方,位于侧脑室后角旁的异位灰质发出的联络纤维主要分布于后方,靠近胼胝体的异位灰质其自质纤维较易连接到对侧,靠近皮层的异位灰质较易发出弓状纤维与皮层相连。结论异位灰质不是孤立的结构,其可发出或长或短的白质纤维,并较广泛地与正常脑结构保持连接;其纤维连接分布的空间模式与异位灰质所处的位置有关。     

经颞下沟选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的探讨经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法、效果及并发症。方法确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的30例患者,在无框架神经导航指引下,经颞部锁孔开颅,显微镜下分开一小段颞下沟,切开侧脑室壁,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除杏仁核海马。结果30例患者术后随访至少2年时间（24—59个月）,神经功能改善,无严重手术并发症,23例（76．7％）癫痫发作完全消失（EngelⅠ级）。结论经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法,在神经导航辅助下手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高。     

Speech preservation using a non-linear paradigm for determination of the extent of neocortical resection in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis submitted to cortico-amygdalo-hippocampectomy (CAH)

Rationale

The rationale for using a non-linear (proportional) paradigm for determining the extent of the neocortex to be removed in temporal lobe resection was based on anatomical and intra-operative cortical mapping findings. We present our results regarding speech preservation in patients submitted to CAH using the central artery as an anatomical landmark for determining the posterior border of neocortical resection.

Methods

Two hundred and fifty consecutive right-handed patients with left unilateral mesial sclerosis were studied. All patients were submitted to CAH under general anesthesia and without intraoperative electrocorticography. The posterior border of the lateral neocortical resection was defined by a line perpendicular to the temporal axis at the level of the central artery.

Results

Seven patients had transient (1–3 weeks; mean = 9 days) receptive speech disturbance. There was no permanent speech deficit. Imaging documented edema or contusion at the posterior temporal cortical border in all patients who had transient speech deficits. The mean extent of cortical resection was 3.9 cm in adults and 3.1 cm in kids.

Discussion

This is the first report in the literature discussing the use of a non-linear paradigm to determine the extent of lateral neocortical removal in this patient population. We found no permanent speech disturbances in this series. The non-linear approach used in this series proved to be safe and effective to avoid post-operative speech disorders. It was able to compensate for different brain and head sizes, and allowed smaller neocortical removal when compared to traditional linear approaches.     

术前MRI检查与颞叶癫痫切除手术短期预后的关系

目的 评价术前MRI检查与难治性颞叶癫痫经过手术切除治疗后短期内预后关系. 方法 中国医科大学附属盛京医院神经外科自2009年1月至2010年12月共收治通过临床发作症状学以及视频脑电图诊断为颞叶癫痫的患者34例,按照MRI检查有无病灶分为2组,其中有病灶组18例,未发现病灶组16例.手术治疗后半年及1年,按照国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)术后疗效评估分类法判断2组患者不同预后情况. 结果 34例患者中术后半年达到ILAE-1级的有23例,占67.6％;术后1年达到ILAE-1级的有20例,占58.8％.其中有病灶组患者术后半年达到ILAE-1级的有16例,占88.9％；术后1年有14例,占77.8％；未发现病灶组患者术后半年达到ILAE-1级的有7例,占43.75％;术后1年有6例,占37.5％；差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 外科手术治疗对于颞叶难治性癫痫是一种有效的治疗方式；MRI检查阳性的颞叶癫痫患者宜积极行手术治疗.     

MRI影像改变对颞叶癫痫术后疗效的影响

目的 研究颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者的MRI影像与病理结果 的相关性,分析不同MRI改变对术后疗效的影响.方法 回顾2005年1月至2008年12月在我科手术治疗且有效随访的121例TLE患者的临床资料,统计分析MRI影像改变与病理结果 的关系;根据MRI影像改变将患者分为内侧型TLE、有结构性改变的TLE和隐源性TLE,利用Engel分级将患者分为无发作组和发作组,比较不同类型TLE患者术后疗效的差异.结果 121例患者中MRI结果 阳性101例,病理结果 阳性107例,二者差异无统计学意义,具有良好的相关性.隐源性TLE患者的术后疗效较内侧型TLE和有结构性病变的TLE差,而后二者之间差异无统计学意义.结论 MRI检查对于TLE的确诊及预后判断具有重要意义.     

MRI影像改变对颞叶癫痫术后疗效的影响

目的 研究颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者的MRI影像与病理结果 的相关性,分析不同MRI改变对术后疗效的影响.方法 回顾2005年1月至2008年12月在我科手术治疗且有效随访的121例TLE患者的临床资料,统计分析MRI影像改变与病理结果 的关系;根据MRI影像改变将患者分为内侧型TLE、有结构性改变的TLE和隐源性TLE,利用Engel分级将患者分为无发作组和发作组,比较不同类型TLE患者术后疗效的差异.结果 121例患者中MRI结果 阳性101例,病理结果 阳性107例,二者差异无统计学意义,具有良好的相关性.隐源性TLE患者的术后疗效较内侧型TLE和有结构性病变的TLE差,而后二者之间差异无统计学意义.结论 MRI检查对于TLE的确诊及预后判断具有重要意义.     

Beyond Pharmacotherapy: Surgical Management

Summary:  Purpose: To review the recent advances in the field of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery.
Results: TLE surgery has recently demonstrated a highly significant superiority over optimal medical therapy in a randomized trial. Accordingly, a median rate of 70% of class I outcome (patients free of disabling seizures postoperatively) has emerged from the pooling of all data published since the early 1990s. In addition, successful TLE surgery appears likely to reduce the risk of seizure-related death. However, it remains largely underused and overly delayed, partly because of the legitimate fears of possible surgical complications, such as verbal memory deficits or failure to control seizures. Reasons for surgical failures are not completely understood, and include bitemporal, pseudotemporal, and temporal-plus epilepsies, as well as insufficient resection of the mesial temporal structures. Developing techniques such as intraoperative MRI, gamma-knife radiosurgery, and various types of cranial nerves or intracerebral chronic stimulation have the potential to alleviate part of the limitations of TLE surgery.
Conclusions: The overall benefit of surgical treatment in patients with drug-resistant TLE should encourage a more frequent and earlier referral of such patients to epilepsy surgery centers. Important progress toward higher rates of seizure-free outcome and lower morbidity remains to be made and may be obtained by taking advantage of the new available technologies.     

Personality disorders as predictors of severe postsurgical psychiatric complications in epilepsy patients undergoing temporal lobe resections

Purpose. Psychiatric disorders emerging after temporal lobe resections are a serious problem threatening the surgical success of patients with epilepsy. The present study aims to find psychiatric predictors that would indicate patients’ risk to developing severe psychiatric complications after surgery.Methods. One hundred adult patients who had temporal lobe resections were followed prospectively over 2 years. Preoperative psychiatric diagnoses and postoperative development of the patients were documented. As a criterion of severe postoperative complication, admission to a psychiatric hospital was chosen.Results. Patients with personality disorders are at higher risk of suffering from postoperative psychiatric complications as compared with patients with other preoperative psychiatric conditions (such as depression) or with patients with no preoperative psychiatric diagnosis whatsoever.Conclusions. Personality disorders are caused by organic dispositions and negative environmental influence. They indicate a high mental vulnerability and compromise the brain’s ability to combat stress. As a consequence patients with personality disorders are prone to suffer from severe psychiatric complications after epilepsy surgery. To minimize the negative influence of personality disorders in the process of surgical interventions, psychotherapeutic efforts are needed to reduce perisurgical stress factors and to strengthen the self-efficacy and social skills of these patients.     

Selective temporal attention enhances the temporal resolution of visual perception: Evidence from a temporal order judgment task

We investigated whether attending to a particular point in time affects temporal resolution in a task in which participants judged which of two visual stimuli had been presented first. The results showed that temporal resolution can be improved by attending to the relevant moment as indicated by the temporal cue. This novel finding is discussed in terms of the differential effects of spatial and temporal attention on temporal resolution.     

The importance of preoperative planning to perform safely temporal lobe surgery

Neurosurgeons should know the anatomy required for safe temporal lobe surgery approaches. The present study aimed to determine the angles and distances necessary to reach the temporal stem and temporal horn in surgical approaches for safe temporal lobe surgery by using a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging technique in post-mortem human brain hemispheres fixed by the Klingler method. In our study, 10 post-mortem human brain hemisphere specimens were fixed according to the Klingler method. Magnetic resonance images were obtained using a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner after fixation. Surgical measurements were conducted for the temporal stem and temporal horn by magnetic resonance imaging, and dissection was then performed under a surgical microscope for the temporal stem. Each stage of dissection was achieved in high-quality three-dimensional images. The angles and distances to reach the temporal stem and temporal horn were measured in transcortical T1, trans-sulcal T1–2, transcortical T2, trans-sulcal T2–3, transcortical T3, and subtemporal trans–collateral sulcus approaches. The safe maximum posterior entry point for anterior temporal lobectomy was measured as 47.16 ± 5.00 mm. Major white-matter fibers in this region and their relations with each other are shown. The distances to the temporal stem and temporal horn, which are important in temporal lobe surgical interventions, were measured radiologically, and safe borders were determined. Surgical strategy and preoperative planning should consider the relationship of the lesion and white-matter pathways.