急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血

目的探讨急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的效果。方法回顾性分析破裂出血的24例脑动静脉畸形病人的急诊显微手术治疗。结果血肿清除+全部畸形血管切除17例,血肿清除+部分畸形血管电凝4例,单纯血肿清除3例。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好11例,轻残5例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡2例。结论脑动静脉畸形破裂出血急性期外科手术的正确选择是关键,争取在血肿清除同时切除畸形血管是首选方法。     

Acute Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma due to Rupture of a Tiny Cortical Arteriovenous Malformation

Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) of arterial origin is rare, especially SDH associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is extremely rare. The authors report a case of acute spontaneous SDH due to rupture of a tiny cortical AVM. A 51-year-old male presented with sudden onset headache and mentality deterioration without a history of trauma. Brain CT revealed a large volume acute SDH compressing the right cerebral hemisphere with subfalcine and tentorial herniation. Emergency decompressive craniectomy was performed to remove the hematoma and during surgery a small (5 mm sized) conglomerated aciniform mass with two surrounding enlarged vessels was identified on the parietal cortex. After warm saline irrigation of the mass, active bleeding developed from a one of the vessel. The bleeding was stopped by coagulation and the vessels were removed. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as an AVM. We concluded that a small cortical AVM existed at this area, and that the cortical AVM had caused the acute SDH. Follow up conventional angiography confirmed the absence of remnant AVM or any other vascular abnormality. This report demonstrates rupture of a cortical AVM is worth considering when a patient presents with non-traumatic SDH without intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

术中B超辅助切除脑动静脉畸形

目的:探讨术中实时超声在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)外科治疗中的应用价值。方法:15例脑AVM患者接受显微外科治疗,术中病变切除前行超声检查,以定位AVM边界与周围脑组织结构关系;辨别供血动脉和引流静脉;确定血肿与AVM的关系。病变切除后重复超声检查AVM残留与否,并与术后血管造影结果对比。结果:15例患者病变均在实时超声导航下获得全切除。畸形血管团可被准确定位和界定范围,血肿区为高回声无血流信号,供血动脉血流动力学有别于正常血管,术中超声影像上病变的全切除为血管造影所证实。结论:术中实时超声能对脑AVM进行准确定位,并可判定脑AVM的全切除;AVM术中定位可为术前MRI、DSA起到有价值的补充。     

Growing Organized Hematomas Following Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation : Five Cases of Surgical Excision

Organized hematoma is a rare complication that can develop following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Here, we describe 5 patients with growing organized hematomas that developed from completely obliterated AVMs several years after GKS. The patients were 15, 16, 30, 36, and 38 years old at the time of GKS, respectively, and 3 patients were female. Four AVMs were located in the lobe of the brain, and the remaining AVM were in the thalamus. Between 2-12 years after GKS, patients developed progressive symptoms such intractable headache or hemiparesis and enhancing mass lesions were identified. Follow-up visits revealed the slow expansion of the hematomas and surrounding edema. Steroids were ineffective, and thus surgery was performed. Histology revealed organized hematomas with a capsule, but there was no evidence of residual AVMs or vascular malformation. After surgery, the neurological symptoms of all patients improved and the surrounding edema resolved. However, the hematoma continued to expand and intraventricular hemorrhage developed in 1 patient whose hematoma was only partially removed. GKS for cerebral AVM can be complicated by growing, organized hematomas that develop after complete obliteration. Growing hematomas should be surgically evacuated if they are symptomatic. Radical resection of the hematoma capsule is also strongly recommended.     

急诊手术治疗脑动静脉畸形出血26例分析

目的探讨脑动静畸形破裂出血的急诊术前检查、手术方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析26例经CT、CT血管造影(CTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)及手术病理确诊的脑动静畸形破裂出血的手术效果及临床特征。并随访6个月的GOS评分。结果 26例均急诊行开颅血肿清除加畸形血管切除。动静脉畸形全部切除14例,部分动静脉畸形切除并供血动脉夹闭12例;恢复良好12例(46.15%),轻残7例(26.92%),重残4例(15.38%),植物生存状态1例(3.85%),死亡2例(7.69%)。结论脑动静脉畸形并出血病人,合理选择术前血管造影检查(CTA,MRA及DSA),急诊手术方法的正确选择和恰当处理是关键。     

A chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma that developed 15 years after gamma knife surgery for a cerebral arteriovenous malformation: A case report and review of the literature

We report a case of gamma knife surgery (GKS)-induced chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma with extensive literature review. A 17-year-old young man underwent GKS after embolization for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the right frontal lobe and the AVM completely disappeared. He developed a generalized convulsion 15 years after GKS. MRI showed a small oedematous change at the AVM site. His epileptic seizure was controlled with anticonvulsant. His epilepsy recurred after three years, and MRI revealed an intracerebral hematoma with extensive surrounding edema at the same lesion. He underwent cerebral angiography and a recurrence of AVM was prevented. The hematoma was surgically removed, and intraoperative finding confirmed an old hematoma with a capsule and capillary hyperplasia, without developing cavernous angioma. The final diagnosis was a secondary chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma after GKS. This is the first report to show the early-stage imaging findings of this late effect after GKS.     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的急诊显微手术治疗

目的探讨急诊显微外科手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血的效果。方法对26例破裂出血的脑AVM病人实施急诊显微手术治疗,清除血肿,同时切除畸形。结果手术完全切除病灶22例,占85%;次全切除4例,占15%。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好16例,轻残5例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论急诊显微外科手术能够提高脑AVM破裂出血的治愈率,降低伤残率和手术风险。     

术中超声导航辅助切除脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨术中实时超声导航在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)外科治疗中的应用价值。方法26例脑AVM显微手术切除术中,使用Aloka SSD 4000型超声检查仪扫描,进行AVM定位、辨别供血动脉和引流静脉;确定血肿与AVM的关系以及血流动力学监测。病变切除后重复超声检查AVM残留与否,并与术后脑血管造影结果对比。结果26例畸形血管团均住实时超声下清晰显示并获得全切除。血肿区为高同声无血流信号;供血动脉与正常血管在血流动力学上有差别;术中超声影像所示的病变全切除为术后血管造影所证实。结论术中实时超声能够对脑AVM进行准确定位,指导皮质切口的设计,并可判定病灶是否全切除.对于术前的MRI、DSA检查起到很有价值的补充作用。     

CTA在脑动静脉畸形出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)存脑动静脉畸形(AVM)出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义. 方法 同顾性分析四川省人民医院神经外科自2004年8月至2007年10月应用CTA指导急诊显微外科手术治疗脑AVM出血的21例患者的临床资料. 结果 本组21例脑AVM患者均行血肿清除及脑AVM的显微外科手术治疗,畸形血管伞切15例.部分切除5例,1例延髓血管畸形未能切除.痊愈6例(皮层下非功能区血肿5例,小脑血管畸形1例),好转14例(皮层下功能区血肿7例,小脑血肿4例,基底节区血管畸形3例),死亡1例(延髓血管畸形).结论 CTA可完成脑AVM的诊断,指导脑AVM出血的急诊显微外科手术治疗.     

经中央沟下点显微手术治疗基底核区高血压脑出血

目的探讨经中央沟下点-脑岛入路显微手术清除高血压基底核区血肿的改良方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析22例采用改良显微手术清除高血压基底核区脑出血病人的临床资料。开颅后于中央沟下点分离外侧裂后支或中央后回下部行1.0~1.5cm皮质切口,经岛叶长回达血肿腔,显微镜下利用锁孔原理清除血肿。结果行小骨窗微创手术10例,去骨瓣减压12例。术后复查头部CT,血肿清除90%21例,清除70%~80%1例;平均住院天数15d。随访6~12个月,GOS评分:恢复良好10例,中残10例,重残1例,植物生存1例,无死亡病例。结论经中央沟下点-脑岛入路显微手术是治疗基底核区高血压脑出血可行且有效的方法。     

外侧裂入路显微手术治疗基底核区高血压脑出血

目的探讨经侧裂入路镜下手术治疗基底核区高血压脑出血的手术要点及疗效。方法回顾性分析25例经侧裂入路显微手术治疗基底核高血压脑出血的病例资料。结果术后复查CT,血肿清除〉90%23例,清除70%~89%2例。本组无死亡病例,随访6个月,GOS5分4例,4分9例,3分11例,2分1例。结论经侧裂入路显微手术具有微侵袭优点,是基底核区脑出血一种安全有效的手术方式。     

CTA在出血性脑动静脉畸形救治中的应用价值

目的探讨三维计算机断层摄影血管造影(3D-CTA)在出血性脑动静脉畸形诊断及术前评估中的应用价值。 方法选择自2007年3月至2011年2月收治的破裂脑动静脉畸形患者19例,对所有患者均行头颅CTA检查,并经DSA对照检查、手术证实。 结果首次CTA检查发现14例阳性,其中急诊直接行开颅血肿清除+畸形血管团切除4例,术后复查CTA及DSA提示全切除;3例首次CTA及DSA检查均为阴性,1年后CTA复查发现异常血管团,经DSA检查证实后手术治疗;2例首次及2周后CTA检查阴性,但DSA检查示小型畸形血管团。 结论CTA因其快捷有效、无创伤、安全等优点,尤其适合于出血性脑动静脉畸形的急诊检查,能充分显示脑动静脉畸形三维结构的特点可为手术入路提供良好的依据。     

额叶挫伤合并隐匿性跨上矢状窦硬膜外血肿的诊断与治疗

目的探讨额叶挫伤合并隐匿性跨上矢状窦硬膜外血肿的诊断与治疗原则。 方法回顾性分析山东省千佛山医院神经外四科自2012年11月至2017年11月收治的额叶挫伤合并跨上矢状窦硬膜外血肿患者12例,术前行颅脑冠状位及矢状位CT及三维重建,根据影像学所示颅内出血损伤程度制定相应治疗方案,观察临床疗效。 结果12例患者术后恢复GOSⅤ级6例（包括4例保守治疗）,GOSⅣ级3例,GOSⅢ级2例,GOSⅡ级1例。 结论早期准确诊断额叶挫伤合并跨上矢状窦硬膜外血肿并选择合理的处理方式对患者的预后有重要意义。     

脑血管畸形急性出血并脑内血肿的手术治疗

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形(AVM) 出血并颅内血肿形成的急诊手术问题.方法 37例CT示颅内血肿,怀疑AVM 出血,32例急诊手术前经MRA检查提示脑AVM21例,其中29例行血肿清除加AVM显微切除术,8例行单纯血肿清除术,10例行去骨瓣减压术.结果 死亡4例,存活33例中恢复优良21例,良7例,差5例. 29例术后复查DSA或MRA,20例AVM消失.结论 急诊显微外科手术治疗是AVM破裂出血首选治疗方法,能够提高脑AVM破裂出血的治愈率,降低致残率.MRA适合急诊术前检查,可快捷、安全显示AVM及主要供血动脉,指导制定手术方案.     

尼莫地平对高血压脑出血治疗的研究

目的:本文主要探讨尼莫地平对高血压脑出血患者的脑血肿、脑水肿的影响和临床疗效;方法:64例高血压脑出血患者被随机分成两组,尼莫地平治疗组和对照组,在治疗前、治疗后第7天、第14天测量脑血肿和脑水肿带的体积,同时在入院时、发病后30天和90天随访进行ESS评分,比较其治疗效果。结果:治疗组患者较对照租患者脑血肿、脑水肿体积明显减小,治疗效果较对照组好。结论:在高血压脑出血的早期可以使用尼莫地平,达到减轻脑水肿、促进脑血肿的吸收和改善高血压脑出血患者的神经功能。     

Fatal glioblastoma after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation in a child

We describe a fatal case of glioblastoma multiforme that was induced by Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). A 4-year-old girl presented with repeated convulsions. Imaging studies revealed an AVM located in the right thalamus. One year after initial symptoms, GKS was performed to obliterate the nidus. The maximum and marginal radiation doses were 32 and 16 Gy, respectively. Seventy months after GKS, the patient represented with severe headache. MRI showed a poorly demarcated tumor with heterogeneous gadolinium enhancement in the right thalamus and adjacent to the white matter of the temporal lobe. After a generalised convulsion, the patient deteriorated into a deep coma. CT scans showed severe brain swelling with intratumoral hemorrhage. An emergency craniotomy was performed, and the hematoma was removed. During this surgery, a tumor mass, which was found adjacent to the hematoma, was resected. Microscopic examination revealed glioblastoma multiforme. Despite intensive treatment, the patient died 1 month after surgery. A GKS-induced secondary tumor is a rare but serious complication. It is important to be aware of the adverse effects of GKS, including secondary neoplasms, before its clinical application, especially in young patients.     

Giant intracranial arteriovenous malformation as the focus of epileptic seizures

A man in his late thirties was found in a supine position in the hallway of his house. He had been diagnosed with epilepsy at approximately 20 years old. Since stopping treatment, epileptic events occurred more frequently and his condition deteriorated in the past 2 years. Autopsy revealed that head injuries were found on the left side of his head. A fracture from the left parietal bone to the anterior cranial fossa was also detected. A subdural hemorrhage (hematoma) spanned a wide range. A subarachnoid hemorrhage was also identified in the left parietal region. His brain weighed 1603 g, was edematous, and showed right uncal herniation. In the right cerebral hemisphere, a thick, enlarged blood vessel ran from the sagittal sinus. An egg‐sized tumorous lesion of blood vessels was found on the bottom of the frontal lobe. This vascular lesion had formed between the sagittal sinus and right anterior cerebral artery. Pathologically, veins and arteries were found together, and, thus, this case was diagnosed as an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). No other pathological and toxicological findings were observed. Subdural hematoma, the cause of death, occurred from the fall to the floor. An epileptic seizure may have been the cause of the fall. AVM on his brain was considered to be the focal lesion of epileptic seizures.     

逐步控制性减压手术治疗重型、特重型颅脑创伤

目的 探讨逐步控制性减压手术方式治疗重型、特重型颅脑创伤的疗效.方法 本组285例重型、特重型颅脑创伤需行减压手术的患者中,A组160例采用逐步控制性减压手术,B组125例采用常规大骨瓣减压手术.结果 两组患者术中急性脑膨出、迟发颅内血肿、术后骨窗脑组织嵌顿、脑移位、脑干变形扭曲、大面积脑梗死的发生率以及GOS标准预后评估差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 采用逐步控制性减压手术能有效减少重型、特重型颅脑创伤患者术中及术后并发症,降低伤残率及死亡率,是一种有效的手术方法.     

立体定向伽玛刀治疗脑动静脉畸型研究

目的评估伽玛刀(γ-刀)立体定向放射手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的疗效;探讨脑AVM的γ-刀治疗定位方法。方法用立体定向Leksellγ-刀放射外科治疗系统对216例脑AVM进行γ-刀立体定向放射手术,并随访17～31个月。男性患者162例,女性54例,年龄1.5～83岁(Md=26),Spetzler Martin分级:I级42例,Ⅱ级68例,Ⅲ级95例,Ⅳ级7例及Ⅴ级4例。AVM体积0.3～43.9cm3(Md=7.1),放射手术周边剂量12～30Gy,平均(21.2±6.4)Gy。用1.5Tesla磁共振行磁共振血管造影(MRA)定位156例,数字减影血管造影(DSA)定位22例,MRA与DSA联合定位38例。结果γ-刀治疗后的AVM闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、定位方法、周边剂量、剂量规划及质量控制等因素有关。对体积≤5.0cm3或Spetzler Martin分级<Ⅲ级及周边剂量≥20Gy者,其2年闭塞率超过78.5%。本组有4例γ-刀放射手术后出血,9例并发有明显症状的放射性脑水肿。结论γ-刀高科技手术是治疗脑AVM的一种安全、有效的方法,特别是Spetzler MartinI-Ⅱ级或体积≤5.0cm3的AVM及周边剂量≥20Gy者疗效较好;DSA结合MRA联合定位对提高AVM的闭塞率、降低并发症有帮助。