初中毕业班学生不良情绪及相关因素分析

目的探讨初中毕业生的焦虑、抑郁不良情绪及其相关因素。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、个人评价问卷（PEI）、自尊量表（SES）及青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）对随机抽取的青岛市8所中学的345名初中毕业生进行测查。结果有焦虑情绪者118名,占总调查人数的36.5%,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。有抑郁情绪者84名,占总调查人数的26.0%,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。有抑郁组和无抑郁组之间以及有焦虑组和无焦虑组之间的生活事件总分及各因子分、自我评价总分和自尊得分均存在非常显著的相关性（P〈0.001）。结论初中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情况严重,不容忽视;改善初中毕业生的成长环境,减少各种负性生活事件的发生率,并努力培养学生良好的心理品质,提高其对负性生活事件的承受能力和对负性情绪的调控能力,可能是提高初中毕业生心理健康水平的有效途径。     

2型糖尿病患者负性情绪研究

目的：探讨负性情绪与2型糖尿病的关系。方法：对51例2型糖尿病患者与50例正常对照者进行负性情绪比较，采用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）测评。结果：与对照组比较，糖尿病组的负性生活事件刺激量和总刺激量得分均显著较高（P均〈0．01）；而社会支持总分、主观支持分及支持利用度分均显著较低（P均〈0．01）。糖尿病组SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧6个因子分与SDS、SAS评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在明显的负性情绪，有针对性的心理干预可能对其防治起重要作用。     

高中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情绪及相关性分析

目的探讨青岛市高中毕业生的焦虑、抑郁情绪及其相关因素。方法从青岛市4所高中以班为单位整群抽取,采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、个人评价问卷（PEI）、自尊量表（SES）及青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）对337名高三学生进行测查。结果有焦虑情绪63名,占20．1％,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;有抑郁情绪92名,占29．4％,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;相关性分析显示焦虑、抑郁情绪与自我评价、自尊、生活事件总分及其各因子分均有非常显著相关性（P〈0．01）。结论高中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情况严重,不容忽视。     

汶川地震后基层医务人员应对方式和心理健康状况的相关研究

目的探讨地震后基层医务人员应对方式、心理健康状况及相关因素。方法对随机抽样的122例三台县基层医务人员分别采用一般情况调查表、团体用心理社会应激调查表（PSSG）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）进行测量。结果（1）三台县基层医务人员积极情绪体验、消极情绪体验、积极应对和应激总分均大于常模（P〈0.05）;而消极应对方式总分则小于常模（P〈0.05）;（2）消极应对与应激总分（r=0.29,P〈0.05）、生活事件（r=0.29,P〈0.05）、文化程度成正相关（r=0.08,P〈0.05）,与年龄成负相关（r=-0.21,P〈0.05）;（3）三台县基层医务人员,抑郁与焦虑标准分远远大于常模组（P〈0.05）;（4）SDS标准分与应激总分呈正相关（r=0.21,P〈0.05）;SAS标准分与应激总分（r=0.38,P〈0.05）、积极应对成呈正相关（r=0.43,P〈0.05）。结论三台县基层医务人员心理状况与常模的健康人群比较,抑郁、焦虑情绪更加明显,多采用积极应对;消极应对受应激总分、生活事件、文化程度及年龄影响;SDS标准分与应激总分有关,SAS标准分与应激总分及积极应对有关。     

重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念及其影响因素分析

目的探讨重性抑郁障碍患者中自杀意念的发生率及其影响因素。方法使用贝克自杀意念量表(Beck scale for suicidal ideation,SSI)对155例重性抑郁障碍患者评估有无自杀意念,并使用自制的一般资料调查问卷收集人口学资料,使用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)对患者进行自杀意念影响因素的评估。结果 重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念的发生率为49.7%(77/155),有自杀未遂史的患者为17.4%(27/155)。相对于非汉族患者,汉族患者自杀意念更强(P0.05);相对于无自杀未遂史患者,有自杀未遂史患者自杀意念更强(P0.05);与无自杀意念组比较,有自杀意念患者的HAMD总分、焦虑/躯体化因子分、认知障碍因子分、阻滞因子分更高(P0.05)。路径分析结果表明,抑郁(β=0.22,P0.01)、自杀未遂史(β=0.41,P0.01)和疑病(β=-0.21,P0.01)对自杀意念具有直接预测作用,焦虑(β=0.08,P0.01)和疑病(β=0.07,P0.01)皆通过抑郁对自杀意念起间接作用。Bootstrap BC中介效应检验显示,抑郁在焦虑对自杀意念的影响中起完全中介作用,在疑病对自杀意念的影响中起部分中介作用。结论 重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念的发生率较高,有自杀未遂史和抑郁情绪严重程度是自杀意念主要的危险因素,在自杀预防工作中要多关注有自杀未遂史和严重抑郁情绪的患者。     

脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。方法 采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）及生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）对80例脑梗死患者（脑梗死组）及80名健康人（对照组）进行问卷调查，并对生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪作相关分析。结果 脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），而SAS及SDS评分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均与SAS及SDS评分呈显著性负相关。结论 脑梗死患者的生活质量较差，焦虑、抑郁情绪明显；其生活质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪密切相关。     

家庭环境及应对方式对大一新生焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响

目的 探讨家庭环境、应对方式与焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系,及应对方式在家庭环境对焦虑、 抑郁情绪影响过程中的中介机制。方法 采用家庭环境量表、简易应对方式问卷、焦虑自评量表及抑 郁自评量表对大庆市某大学1 950 名大一新生进行调查。结果 收回问卷1 902 份,有效问卷1 846 份, 有效率为94.67%。男生471 人（24.15%）,女生1 432 人（73.44%）。与男性相比,女性大一新生的家庭环 境量表的情感表达、矛盾性、成功性、组织性、控制性维度得分及积极应对得分更高（P＜ 0.05）。家庭环 境各维度与应对方式、焦虑、抑郁情绪得分显著相关（P＜ 0.01）。家庭环境对大一新生焦虑、抑郁情绪 影响符合部分中介模型,卡方自由度比值（χ2/df）=23.158、16.252,拟合优度指数（GFI）=0.947、0.960,调 整后拟合优度指数（AGFI）=0.893、0.921,近似误差均方根（RMSEA）=0.108、0.090,提示这两个模型拟合 度均较为理想。结论 家庭环境、应对方式与焦虑、抑郁情绪显著相关,家庭功能可以直接影响大一新 生的焦虑、抑郁情绪,也可以通过应付方式间接的影响的焦虑、抑郁情绪。提示要重视对大学生应对方 式的指导与矫正,对于提供大学生心理健康水平具有重要的意义。     

抑郁症自杀未遂患者血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的变化

目的探讨血清脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）水平与抑郁症患者自杀行为的关系。方法采用酶联免疫分析实验测定抑郁症自杀未遂患者（36例）、无自杀行为患者（55例）及36名正常对照血清BDNF水平,对抑郁症患者以汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定抑郁症状,以自杀意念自评量表（SIOSS）评定自杀意念的强烈程度。结果抑郁症患者组血清BDNF水平低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。自杀未遂组血清BDNF水平低于无自杀组及正常对照组（P〈0．01）。自杀未遂组HAMD总分和SIOSS总分高于无自杀组。抑郁症患者血清BDNF水平与SIOSS总分呈负相关。结论抑郁症患者存在血清BDNF降低,BDNF水平可能是自杀倾向行为的生物学标志。     

成都市青年男性焦虑情绪现状及影响因素

目的 了解四川省成都市18~34岁青年男性焦虑情绪的分布特点及影响因素.方法 采用多阶段分层抽样方法,对成都市18~34岁共4189名青年男性进行问卷调查.调查工具包括医院焦虑抑郁量表(HAD),酒精使用障碍筛查量表(AUDIT),毒品使用障碍筛查量表(DUDIT)及自制一般信息与问题登记表.结果 四川省成都市青年男性焦虑情绪检出率为20.4%;焦虑情绪与婚姻状况、酒精滥用、毒品滥用、长期患躯体疾病、是否看过心理医生、抑郁情绪、自杀企图、自伤行为、5年内有暴力行为、ACE分值、负性生活事件、色情信息使用频率相关(P<0.01);其危险因素包括抑郁情绪、自杀企图、自伤行为、经历负性生活事件、酒精滥用、毒品滥用(P<0.05).结论 成都市青年男性的焦虑情绪检出率为20.4%,焦虑情绪的影响因素包括多种因素.     

后循环短暂性脑缺血发作患者的负性情绪研究

目的 探讨后循环短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack，TIA）患者的负性情绪及影响因素，以指导心理干预，提高患者生活质量。方法 选用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ），对257例后循环TIA患者进行调查。结果 后循环TIA组 SAS和SDS评分与国内常模比较，差异有统计学意义（P <0.01）。结论 后循环TIA患者多伴有焦虑和抑郁情绪，并与患者的人格特征有一定的相关性。     

The development of a brief screening instrument for depression and suicidal ideation for elderly: the Depression and Suicide Screen

The early detection of depression and suicidal ideation is essential for the prevention of suicide in the community. This study therefore aimed to develop a brief screen for depression and suicidal ideation that can be easily administered in primary-care settings. The Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered by 353 residents of a single community aged 64 years and over. A five-item screen was derived from SDS and HADS, using CIDI as the external criterion (study 1). The scale was modified so that it was more appropriate for our use, and was labeled the Depression and Suicide Screen (DSS). Its validity and reliability were examined among a further 382 residents of the same community aged 64 years and over, using the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-S) as the external criterion (study 2). The DSS was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha=0.62). Its reliability in detecting depression (defined as >or= 6 in GDS-S) and suicidal ideation (screened out by the inquiry by our trained staff) was 0.768 and 0.721, respectively. For depression, the sensitivity was 0.705; specificity, 0.729; positive predictive value (PPV), 0.446; negative predictive value (NPV), 0.888; and the overall diagnostic power, 0.723. For suicidal ideation, its sensitivity was 0.698; specificity, 0.693; PPV, 0.317; NPV, 0.926; and overall diagnostic power, 0.694. The DSS demonstrated a reasonable level of sensitivity and specificity in identifying both depression and suicidal ideation among the elderly within a community.     

强制戒毒者自杀意念及影响因素的调查分析

目的探讨吸毒人群自杀意念产生原因及影响因素,为该特殊人群的自杀干预提供依据。方法对甘肃省兰州市榆中县强制戒毒所中的强制戒毒人员,采用分层随机抽样,使用阿片成瘾严重程度量表及自杀意念自评量表和自编的访谈提纲,采取各大队各班抽测、单独访谈方式进行调查。结果共173名调查对象的问卷有效,对自杀意念的多因素logistic回归分析结果显示有无职业、成瘾史、成瘾程度、自杀史和曾经用药这5个因子都被纳入了回归方程。结论强制戒毒者的自杀未遂率和自杀意念发生率远高于普通人群。失业、较长的成瘾史、严重的成瘾程度和以往的自杀经历都是影响强制戒毒人员自杀意念发生的重要影响因素。     

Decreased platelet peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in adolescent inpatients with repeated suicide attempts.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) are responsible for mitochondrial cholesterol uptake, the rate limiting step of steroidiogenesis. They have been shown to be increased after acute stress, and decreased during exposure to chronic stressful conditions, and in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In view of the proven connection between adolescent suicidal behavior and stress, we hypothesized that PBR may be decreased in the suicidal adolescent population. METHODS: We measured [3H] PK 11195 binding to platelet membrane in nine adolescent (age 13-20 years) inpatients with a history of at least three suicidal attempts and ten age-matched psychiatric inpatients with no history of suicide attempts. Suicidality was assessed with the Suicide Risk Scale (SRS), and symptom severity with the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Overt Aggression Scale (OAS), and Impulsivity Scale (IS). RESULTS: Suicide Risk Scale scores were significantly higher in the suicidal group. The suicidal group showed a significant decrease in platelet PBR density (-35%) compared to the controls (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Our results of PBR depletion in adolescent suicide are in accordance with the findings in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder and lend further support to the role of PBR in human response to chronic stress in adolescent suicide.     

Suicide attempts are associated with worse quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder type I

BackgroundThe association between suicidal behavior and quality of life (QoL) in bipolar disorder (BD) is poorly understood. Worse QoL has been associated with suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in schizophrenic patients, but this relationship has not been investigated in BD. This study tested whether a history of suicide attempts was associated with poor QoL in a well-characterized sample of patients with BD, as has been observed in other psychiatric disorders and in the general population.MethodsOne hundred eight patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition BD type I (44 with previous suicide attempts, 64 without previous suicide attempts) were studied. Quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument–Short Version. Depressive and manic symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale–17 items and the Young Mania Rating Scale.ResultsPatients with BD and previous suicide attempts had significantly lower scores in all the 4 domains of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument–Short Version scale than did patients with BD but no previous suicide attempts (physical domain P = .001; psychological domain P < .0001; social domain P = .001, and environmental domain P = .039). In the euthymic subgroup (n = 70), patients with previous suicide attempts had significantly lower scores only in the psychological and social domains (P = .020 and P = .004).LimitationsThis was a cross-sectional study, and no causal associations can be assumed.ConclusionsPatients with BD and a history of previous suicide attempts seem to have a worse QoL than did patients who never attempted suicide. Poorer QoL might be a marker of poor copying skills and inadequate social support and be a risk factor for suicidal behavior in BD. Alternatively, poorer QoL and suicidal behavior might be different expressions of more severe BD.     

The Association between Anhedonia,Suicidal Ideation,and Suicide Attempts in a Large Student Sample

Depression is a significant risk factor for suicide. Evidence suggests that anhedonia may be a symptom of depression that is uniquely associated with suicidality. However, exactly how anhedonia is related to suicide is unclear. To provide more specific evidence regarding this association, we investigated relationships between anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. A large combined undergraduate sample completed the novel Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS), the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised (SBQ-R). Anhedonia was associated with suicidal ideation, even when accounting for depressive symptoms. Additionally, anhedonia was not associated with suicide attempts when symptoms of depression were held constant. The current study provides novel evidence regarding the relationship between anhedonia and risk of attempting suicide. Future research can examine the role anhedonia plays in the unfolding of suicidal behavior over time.     

不同性别抑郁症患者自杀意念的相关危险因素比较

目的 研究抑郁症患者自杀意念相关因素的性别差异,为自杀的干预和预防提供更多的证据.方法 依据DSM-IV抑郁症诊断标准入组122例有自杀意念的抑郁症患者和129例无自杀意念的抑郁症患者,进行不同性别间各项目的比较分析.结果 男女抑郁症患者在婚姻、文化程度、职业、收入水平和生活事件、艾森克人格测验的内外倾向、神经质和掩饰性方面差异有统计学意义.结论 男性与女性抑郁症患者的自杀意念危险因素存在一定差异,健全的人格,积极的应对方式,良好的家庭环境,在自杀预防中有重要意义.     

The effect of social adjustment and attachment style on suicidal behaviour

Lizardi D, Grunebaum MF, Burke A, Stanley B, Mann JJ, Harkavy‐Friedman J, Oquendo M. The effect of social adjustment and attachment style on suicidal behaviour. Objective: Prior studies examining the relationship between social adjustment and suicidal ideation or behaviour have not examined attachment. This study examines the effect of attachment on the association between current social adjustment and suicide attempt risk. Method: Attachment, social adjustment, and history of suicide attempt were assessed in patients participating in research on major depressive disorder (N = 524). Suicide attempters and non‐attempters were compared with attachment style and social adjustment using hierarchical logistic regression models. The two factor scoring method of the Adult Attachment Scale (secure vs. avoidant) was utilized as each measures unique aspects of attachment. Results: Anxious attachment (OR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.016–1.728; P = 0.038) but not overall social adjustment (P = 0.14) was associated with a history of a past suicide attempt when both attachment and social adjustment were assessed in the same model. Among subtypes of social adjustment, work adjustment was associated with past history of suicide attempt (OR = 1.25; 95%CI = 1.019–1.540; P = 0.033). As impairment in work adjustment increased by 1 unit, the likelihood of reporting a suicide attempt increased by approximately 25%. There was no interaction between anxious attachment and work adjustment (P = 0.81). Conclusion: Anxious attachment and work adjustment warrant further study as potential treatment targets in depressed suicidal patients.     

Assessing measures of suicidal ideation in clinical trials with a rapid-acting antidepressant

Rapid reduction of suicidal thoughts is critical for treating suicidal patients. Clinical trials evaluating these treatments require appropriate measurement. Key methodological issues include: 1) the use of single or multi-item assessments, and 2) evaluating whether suicidal ideation measures can track rapid change over time. The current study presents data from two randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trials evaluating ketamine in individuals with treatment-resistant depression (n = 60). Participants were assessed for suicidal thoughts using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) at eight time points over three days. Assessments were compared using correlational analyses and effect sizes at 230 min and three days after ketamine infusion. Linear mixed models evaluated change in ideation across all time points. The HAM-D and MADRS suicide items demonstrated correlations of r > .80 with the first five items of the SSI (SSI5). On linear mixed models, an effect for ketamine was found for the HAM-D, MADRS, BDI items, and SSI5 (p < .001), but not for the full SSI (p = .88), which suggests a limited ability to assess change over time in patients with low levels of suicidal thoughts. Taken together, the results suggest that repeated suicidal assessments over minutes to days appear to detect improvement in suicidal thoughts after ketamine infusion compared to placebo. The MADRS suicide item, BDI suicide item, and SSI5 may be particularly sensitive to rapid changes in suicidal thoughts.     

Assessment of psychiatrically hospitalized suicidal adolescents: self-report instruments as predictors of suicidal thoughts and behavior

OBJECTIVE: The validity and clinical utility of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior, and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were examined longitudinally among suicidal adolescents. METHOD: Between 1998 and 2000, 289 psychiatrically hospitalized, suicidal youth, ages 12 to 17 years, participated in this study. Self-report measures were completed at baseline. Clinician-rated suicidality and suicide attempt were collected at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Baseline self-reports were internally consistent and strongly intercorrelated within male, female, white, and black subsamples. All of the measures predicted follow-up suicidality and suicide attempts. Using published cutoff scores, the Beck Hopelessness Scale and SPS were moderately to highly sensitive predictors of subsequent suicide attempts, as was the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior for predicting suicide attempts and broad suicidality. Alternative cutoff scores that predicted outcomes with moderate and high sensitivity also were examined, with attention to resultant sacrifices in specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline self-report scores predicted follow-up suicidality. SPS contributed uniquely to prediction of future suicidality and suicide attempt. SPS may supplement other sources of information when assessing suicide risk with this population.     

A history of major depressive disorder influences intent to die in violent suicide attempters

BACKGROUND: The inconsistency of the results obtained in biological studies of suicidal behavior may be due to the use of broad categories lacking validity. In previous genetic studies, in which we identified an association between a serotonin-related gene and violent suicide attempts, we suggested that a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) might influence this association. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationships between the violence of suicide attempts, intent to die, and depression in a large sample of suicide attempters. METHOD: We investigated intent to die, according to history of violent suicide attempts and MDD, in 502 consecutively admitted suicide attempters. We characterized patients in terms of lifetime DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses, suicidal intent (Beck Suicide Intent Scale), and history of violent suicide attempts. RESULTS: Suicidal intent, for both the last suicide attempt before admission and the most lethal suicide attempt, was higher in those with history of MDD (p =.03 and p =.04, respectively) but was not affected by history of violent suicide attempt. In violent suicide attempters, suicidal intent was higher in patients with a history of MDD than in patients with no such history (p =.04 for last suicide attempt and p =.02 for most lethal attempt), whereas MDD had no effect on suicidal intent in nonviolent suicide attempters. CONCLUSION: Violent suicide attempters constitute a heterogeneous group in terms of suicidal intent. Our results suggest that biological and genetic studies should take into account the method used to attempt suicide, intent to die, and history of MDD.