阿司匹林对脑室旁脑白质疏松患者新发脑卒中的影响

目的探讨阿司匹林对脑室旁脑白质疏松患者新发脑卒中的影响。方法选取伴腔隙性梗死的脑室旁脑白质疏松患者400例,随机分为阿司匹林组(200例)和对照组(200例)。阿司匹林组服用阿司匹林肠溶片100mg,1次/d,持续1a。对照组不服用任何抗血小板药或抗凝药。记录1a内患者发生急性脑血管疾病和神经功能缺损情况。记录入组时及1a后受试者的认知功能(MoCA评分)、白质疏松的严重程度及脑微出血。结果阿司匹林组1a后脑微出血的数量明显大于对照组,阿司匹林组急性脑梗死的发生率明显小于对照组(P0.05),脑出血发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。脑卒中患者1a后神经功能缺损程度(NIHSS评分)阿司匹林组和对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),2组白质疏松程度评、认知功能差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用阿司匹林对伴脑室旁白质疏松的腔隙性梗死患者缺血性卒中的一级或二级预防可使新发脑梗死疾病显著减少,且不加快白质疏松进程及增加颅内出血。     

脑卒中数据库研究的方法学及基线资料分析

目的探讨脑卒中病因、临床特点以及各种危险因素对出血性脑卒中的不同影响。方法调查记录表设计参照美国ＮＩＮＤＳ使用的卒中数据库研究方案，结合国情修改而成。参加单位技术人员经统一培训。结果七家医院共收集脑卒中１０００例，其中完全性卒中９４４例，ＴＩＡ５６例。脑出血占２３．４％；蛛网膜下腔出血占３．６％，动脉硬化性梗塞占５２．１％。各类卒中几乎均为男性多于女性，而蛛网膜下腔出血不但发病年龄偏低，且女性为多，占５９％。脑梗塞发病后在２４小时内就诊者仅占约五分之一。糖尿病、心脏病、ＴＩＡ病史在缺血性卒中组出现的频率明显高于出血性卒中组，统计学比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。甘油三酯水平缺血性卒中组明显为高。结论高血压在导致各类卒中发病中具有同等重要作用；糖尿病、心脏病、ＴＩＡ增加缺血性卒中的危险；甘油三酯增高可能与缺血性卒中密切相关。     

纯感觉性、纯运动性卒中患者梗塞病灶及病因学探讨

纯感觉性、纯运动性卒中患者梗塞病灶及病因学探讨陈小菡谢金水冯大刚高恩泉戚晓昆冯海莉纯感觉性和纯运动性卒中（ＰＳＳ，ＰＭＨ）是腔隙性梗塞综合征的常见症状，占缺血性脑卒中发病率的２０％～２５％。现分析我科３１例临床具有腔隙性梗塞综合征表现的ＰＳＳ和ＰＭＨ...     

T2*加权成像在脑卒中患者微出血中的诊断价值

目的了解健康老年人与脑出血、脑梗死患者脑微出血的发病情况，探讨其临床意义。方法对30名健康老年人、32例脑出血、46例缺血性脑血管病患者（包括32例多发腔隙性梗死、6例脑栓塞和8例动脉硬化性脑病）行常规MRI和梯度回波T2^＊加权成像（GRE—T2^＊WI）检查，了解微出血的发生情况。结果GRE—T2^＊WI脑出血组、多发腔隙性梗死组和动脉硬化性脑病组的微出血发生率分别为37．5％、28．1％和25．0％，明显高于健康老年人的6．6％（P〈0．05）；微出血出血灶数目也明显高于健康组。38．0％的微出血位于基底节区，其次在丘脑区域（25．2％）、皮质下白质区域（14．5％）和脑干（13．8％），小脑部位（8．4％）微出血相对较少。结论GRE—T2^＊WI检查可以发现常规MR／不能发现的脑微出血，并提示微小血管病变的严重程度，在患者的诊断和治疗方案的选择上具有重要的意义。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与不同类型脑小血管病相关性分析

目的：分析血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与不同类型脑小血管病的相关性。方法纳入脑小血管病患者123例（病例组）,其中单纯脑白质疏松症（LA）39例,腔隙性梗死（LI）35例,脑微出血（CMB）16例,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血33例,40例健康者为对照组。对2组患者均进行Hcy检测。结果LA、LI、CMB及脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸明显高于其他3组脑小血管病组（P＜0.05）,LA、LI及CMB血浆同型半胱氨酸无明显差异。结论Hcy与脑小血管病（SVB）的病情严重程度具有密切关系。     

脑白质疏松是卒中的独立危险因素吗？

背景 脑白质疏松是神经影像学中用于描述脑白质下白质异常表现（在CT上表现为双侧斑片状或弥漫性低密度区，在MRI T2加权像上表现为高信号区）的一个术语，回顾性研究获得的证据表明脑白质疏松与卒中相关，前瞻性研究证实它对卒中（包括缺血性和出血性）或血管性死亡的发生有预测价值。综述概要 脑白质疏松最具有预测意义的缺血性卒中亚型是腔隙性梗死，因为后者很可能是由相同的小血管病理学改变造成的。业已证实，脑白质疏松患者易发生基底节和脑叶部位的脑出血，尤其当患者有广泛性白质疏松并且因原来的缺血事件接受抗凝治疗时。结论 脑白质疏松和卒中有共同的病理生理学机制，很可能是同一种疾病的不同表现，必须把脑白质疏松看作卒中的中间替代物，而不是一种卒中危险因素。     

急性脑卒中与便秘57例分析

目的 探讨急性脑卒中与便秘的关系。方法 57例脑卒中患者分成动脉粥样硬化血栓性脑梗死（ATI）组23例；腔隙性梗死（LI）组23例；脑出血（ICH）组11例，观察各组便秘发生率并进行比较。结果 脑卒中者第1周便秘发生率50.88％，显著高于正常老年人对照组（P〈0．05）。基底节区脑卒中者便秘发生率57．1％，明显高于非基底节卒中者（P〈0.05）。结论 脑卒中患者急性期常发生便秘，基底节区脑卒中者便秘发生率较非基底节区脑卒中者高。     

急性缺血性脑卒中的OCSP分型与Essen卒中风险评分

目的Essen卒中风险评估（ESRS）体系可准确评估非心源性缺血性脑卒中（IS）复发的风险。本研究立意于探索急性缺血性脑卒中的OCSP分型与ESRS之间的关系。方法①对连续纳入的非心源性Is患者行ESRS评估,将其分为低风险组（ESRS〈3分）和高风险组（ESRS≥3分）;②OCSP分型：完全前循环卒中（TACI）,部分前循环卒中（PACI）,腔隙性卒中（LACI）和后循环卒中（POCI）。比较不同ESRS分值组之间OCSP分型的构成。结果纳入的516例非心源性IS患者中低风险组93例（29．4％）,高风险组223例（70．6％）,动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者（AT）161例（50．9％）。PACI者143例（45．3％）,LACI者99例（31．3％）,POCI者43例（13．6％）,TACI者31例（9．8％）。所有患者中,不同OCSP分型在不同ESRS分值组的构成分布在统计学上没有显著性差异（P=0．111）;不同OCSP分型在高低风险组间的构成分布在统计学上无显著性差异（P=0．397）。AT患者中,不同ESRS分值组的OCSP分型的分布也没有明显的统计学差异（P=0．817）;高、低风险组中的OCSP分型的分布无显著的差异（P=0．885）。结论本研究提示：①非心源性急性缺血性脑卒中的再发风险的大小与其发生的部位可能无关联;②AT的卒中发生部位与再发风险尚无明确的关联性,风险愈高,并不意味着某部位卒中病灶出现的概率就愈高。     

缺血性卒中患者脑内微出血特点及危险因素的研究

目的 探讨脑内微出血在缺血性卒中患者中的发生率及在脑内各区域的分布情况,观察缺血性卒中亚型之间微出血发生率的差异,初步分析其相关因素及其与腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质病变等微小血管病变程度之间的关系。方法 连续入选261例心源性栓塞型、大动脉粥样硬化型及小动脉闭塞型3个亚型的缺血性卒中患者。记录患者一般临床资料及实验室检查结果,应用头颅磁共振梯度回波T2*加权成像（gradient-echoT2*-weighted,GRE-T2*）观察脑内微出血的数目及部位,同时观察腔隙性脑梗死数目和部位以及脑白质病变程度。结果 80例患者（30.70%）存在脑内微出血,数目为1～109个。微出血最常见于皮质-皮质下区（46.09%）,其次位于基底节区（27.80%）。各亚型中小动脉闭塞型患者脑内微出血的发生率最高（53.30%）。高血压、腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质改变程度为缺血性卒中患者脑内微出血发生的独立危险因素,比值比（odds ratio,OR）分别为4.364、1.190和1.310;脑内微出血的分级与腔隙性梗死分级（r =0.519,P <0.001）及白质改变程度（r =0.437,P <0.001）显著相关。结论 微出血在缺血性卒中患者特别是小动脉闭塞患者中发生率较高,微出血与腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质改变明显相关。     

通心络与阿司匹林预防再次缺血性脑卒中的作用

目的观察通心络胶囊在预防再次缺血性脑卒中的作用，并与阿司匹林对比。方法将128例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组：通心络胶囊组62例，阿司匹林组66例，观察两组患者服药期间缺血性卒中的再发生、死亡及不良反应等临床表现。结果两组比较缺血性脑卒中的人数分别为通心络组6例，阿司匹林组8例，虽然通心络组比阿司匹林组发生人数少，但两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应比较通心络组为4例，阿司匹林组12例，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论通心络胶囊预防再次缺血性脑卒中与阿司匹林有同样的作用，但阿司匹林组有较多的不良反应。     

Silent cerebral microbleeds on susceptibility-weighted imaging of patients with ischemic stroke and leukoaraiosis

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are an increasingly recognized in patients with cerebrovascular disease who undergo the new MRI techniques. Susceptibility-weighted MRI is sensitive to detect silent microbleeds which are associated with microangiopathy from atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy or asymptomatic elderly individuals. CMBs are intracerebral old hemosiderin deposits in the perivascular space, and the clinical significance of such 'microbleeds' remains controversy. We investigated the incidence of microbleeds among different ischemic stroke subtypes and the severity of leukoaraiosis. METHODS: In this study, we collected 137 patients (73.5 +/- 9.1 years old, 84 men and 53 women) who were divided into five groups: atherothrombotic infarction (34 patients), cardioembolic infarction (24 patients), lacunar infarction (35 patients), other determined or undetermined infarction (21 patients) and control (23 patients), in which 52 had primary stroke and 62 had recurrent stroke. Microbleeds were counted and leukoaraiosis was graded using susceptibility-weighted, T1-, T2- and FLAIR MRI with a 3.0 T system. RESULTS: Microbleeds were high in lacunar infarction (25.7%) and atherothrombotic infarction patients (20.6%). Microbleeds were low in patients with cardioembolic infarction (4.2%). Both microbleeds (> or =grade 2) and leukoaraiosis in severity (> or =grade 2) were higher in the recurrent stroke group (14.5 and 48.4%) than those in the primary stroke group (3.8 and 7.7%). Leukoaraiosis (r=0.803, p<0.05) and recurrent stroke (r=0.708, p<0.05) were significantly associated with microbleeds. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic CMBs are observed with a markedly higher frequency in recurrent stroke, and are closely associated with the severity of leukoaraiosis.     

Silent cerebral microbleeds on susceptibility-weighted imaging of patients with ischemic stroke and leukoaraiosis

Abstract

Objective: Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are an increasingly recognized in patients with cerebrovascular disease who undergo the new MRI techniques. Susceptibility-weighted MRI is sensitive to detect silent microbleeds which are associated with microangiopathy from atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy or asymptomatic elderly individuals. CMBs are intracerebral old hemosiderin deposits in the perivascular space, and the clinical significance of such 'microbleeds' remains controversy. We investigated the incidence of microbleeds among different ischemic stroke subtypes and the severity of leukoaraiosis.

Methods: In this study, we collected 137 patients (73.5 ± 9.1 years old, 84 men and 53 women) who were divided into five groups: atherothrombotic infarction (34 patients), cardioembolic infarction (24 patients), lacunar infarction (35 patients), other determined or undetermined infarction (21 patients) and control (23 patients), in which 52 had primary stroke and 62 had recurrent stroke. Microbleeds were counted and leukoaraiosis was graded using susceptibility-weighted, T1-, T2- and FLAIR MRI with a 3.0 T system.

Results: Microbleeds were high in lacunar infarction (25.7%) and atherothrombotic infarction patients (20.6%). Microbleeds were low in patients with cardioembolic infarction (4.2%). Both microbleeds (≥grade 2) and leukoaraiosis in severity (≥grade 2) were higher in the recurrent stroke group (14.5 and 48.4%) than those in the primary stroke group (3.8 and 7.7%). Leukoaraiosis (r=0.803, p<0.05) and recurrent stroke (r=0.708, p<0.05) were significantly associated with microbleeds.

Conclusions: Asymptomatic CMBs are observed with a markedly higher frequency in recurrent stroke, and are closely associated with the severity of leukoaraiosis.     

脑微出血的影像学与脑卒中临床研究

目的：探讨脑微出血（CMBs）与脑卒中发生和发展之间的关系。方法：对脑出血50例（脑出血组）、腩梗死50例（脑梗死组）和非腩血管病患者30例（对照组）行常规磁共振序列加梯度回波T2^＊加权（GRE—T2^＊）检查，分别记录CMBs的发生例数、部位、数日，脑卒中部位，脑白质疏松情况和患者高血压、高血脂、糖尿病等资料。结果：CMBs发生率在腩出血组为76％，脑梗死组为36％，对照组为10％。CMBs的发生与高血压、脑卒中病史、年龄和脑白质疏松有关；与血脂和血糖无关。结论：CMBs在脑卒中患者中有较高的发生率，加强对CMBs的充分认识，对于提高脑卒中的防治有重要意义。     

Plasma total homocysteine levels are associated with advanced leukoaraiosis but not with asymptomatic microbleeds on T2*-weighted MRI in patients with stroke

Both leukoaraiosis and asymptomatic microbleeds are associated with small-artery diseases. Although an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and leukoaraiosis has been reported, no studies have evaluated the association between total homocysteine (tHcy) level and presence of microbleeds in stroke patients. We evaluated the association between tHcy level and leukoaraiosis or microbleeds in stroke patients. In 102 patients with stroke (69.5 +/- 10.3 years old, 54 men and 48 women), microbleeds on T2*-weighted MR images were counted, leukoaraiosis on T2-weighted images was graded and fasting plasma tHcy concentrations were measured. Plasma tHcy level was significantly higher in patients with advanced leukoaraiosis than in those without advanced leukoaraiosis (13.9 +/- 4.6 micromol/l vs. 10.2 +/- 3.4 micromol/l, P < 0.0001). Plasma tHcy level was not significantly different in patients with microbleeds and those without microbleeds (11.3 +/- 4.1 micromol/l vs. 11.4 +/- 4.3 micromol/l, P = 0.9441). Elevated tHcy level is significantly and independently associated with advanced leukoaraiosis [odds ratio (OR), 1.330; 95% CI, 1.130-1.565] but not with the presence of microbleeds. Elevated tHcy level appears to be associated with ischemic small-artery disease rather than with bleeding-prone small-artery disease.     

Clinical and radiologic differences between primary intracerebral hemorrhage with and without microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance images

BACKGROUND: Microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging reflect bleeding-prone microangiopathy. The microbleeds are frequently detected in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH). However, some patients do not have microbleeds. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the risk factors associated with microbleeds in PICH, thus providing insight into the pathogenesis of PICH. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Neurology department of a tertiary referral center.Patients A consecutive series of 107 patients with PICH. INTERVENTIONS: Gradient-echo MR imaging to determine distribution patterns and numbers of microbleeds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical variables and the associated MR imaging abnormalities in patients with PICH with and without microbleeds. RESULTS: Patients with PICH who had microbleeds were significantly older (65.9 +/- 10.9 years) than those without microbleeds (53.9 +/- 13.0 years; P<.001), and previous stroke, medication with antithrombotics or anticoagulants, lacunes, and leukoaraiosis were more common in patients with microbleeds. However, potential triggering events tending to raise the blood pressure were more common in cases of PICH without microbleeds (18 [56.3%] vs 10 [15.4%]). In logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.01-1.14), advanced leukoaraiosis (7.79, 1.05-57.74), number of lacunes (1.66, 1.21-2.28), and potential triggering events (0.18, 0.04-0.90) were independent risk factors associated with the presence of microbleeds in patients with PICH. CONCLUSIONS: Primary intracerebral hemorrhage without microbleeds was more common in younger patients with precipitating events, whereas PICH with microbleeds was more common in elderly patients with prominent ischemic change and frequent use of antithrombotics or anticoagulants. Our findings might help to determine the pathogenetic type for secondary prevention.     

Relation of leukoaraiosis to lesion type in stroke patients

Nonspecific periventricular white matter lucencies on computed tomograms (leukoaraiosis) were found in 141 (38%) of 367 patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Patients with leukoaraiosis were significantly older than those without it and were significantly more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, general vascular disease, and lacunar infarcts on computed tomograms but were less likely to have cortical infarcts. Because many of these variables may be mutually dependent, we performed a logistic regression analysis examining all clinical and computed tomographic variables. The analysis demonstrated that increasing age, lacunar infarcts, and hemorrhages were significant determinants of leukoaraiosis; cortical infarcts were also significantly, but negatively, correlated with leukoaraiosis. In patients with hemorrhages, leukoaraiosis occurred significantly more often when aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations were not demonstrated. These findings suggest that in patients with cerebrovascular disorders leukoaraiosis is associated with small-vessel disease.     

Is Leukoaraiosis on CT an accurate surrogate marker for the presence of microbleeds in acute stroke patients?

Microbleeds (MB) detected on gradient echo magnetic resonance images (GRE) are a potential risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis or oral anticoagulation. We assessed whether the presence of MB could be predicted from the extent of white matter disease (WMD) on computed tomography (CT). Methods We studied consecutive TIA or ischemic stroke patients who presented to the ER and who underwent both CT and GRE. WMD was rated on CT using a three point scale by two independent observers. The presence of MB was assessed on GRE. Logistic regression was used to predict the presence of MB on GRE. Results 199 consecutive patients underwent both CT and GRE. MB were identified on GRE in 56 patients (28.1%). After adjustment for age and sex, MB were more frequent in patients with leukoaraiosis (OR 2.8 per 1-point increase on the Van Swieten scale, p < 0.001) and in patients presenting with a lacunar or posterior circulation syndrome (OR 2.0, p = 0.048). The area under the ROC-curve derived from the logistic model was 0.70 (95% CI 0.61−0.79). Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes or the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG were not different in patients with or without MB. Conclusion White matter disease on CT is associated with the presence of microbleeds on GRE. However, leukoaraiosis does not detect the presence of MB accurately enough to be considered a surrogate marker. Received in revised form: 7 March 2006     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的相关危险因素分析及SWAN的临床检测价值

目的 探寻缺血性脑卒中患者合并脑微出血(CMBs)与相关危险因素的关系及SWAN序列的临床检测价值。方法 选取本院2013年4月～2015年4月连续收治常规MRI检查确诊的155例缺血性脑卒中患者,根据磁敏感加权成像上有无微出血灶分为CMBs组(76例)和无CMBs组(79例)。比较2组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史等以及有无高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、脑出血等临床相关因素,并记录相关生化指标。对以上因素进行相关性分析,筛选出与CMBs相关的危险因素。记录各危险因素组常规MRI及SWAN序列对CMBs的检出例数。结果 155例缺血性脑卒中患者中有CMBs者76例(占49%),多发生于皮质-皮质下区(占36%); CMBs的发生与年龄、饮酒史、糖尿病及高超敏C反应蛋白水平有关; 多因素Logistic回归显示高血压病、高脂血症、脑白质疏松、脑出血及高纤维蛋白原、高同型半胱氨酸是其独立危险因素(P<0.05); SWAN序列对各危险因素组CMBs阳性检出率明显高于常规MRI序列(P<0.001)。结论 缺血性脑卒中患者伴有高血压病、高脂血症、脑白质疏松、脑出血及高纤维蛋白原、高同型半胱氨酸与CMBs发生密切相关; 对于缺血性脑卒中合并上述高危因素者,可考虑将SWAN列入常规MRI检查以筛查CMBs病灶和评价患者有无出血倾向。     

The prokineticin system: an interface between neural inflammation and pain

The administration of thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with dementia and acute ischemic stroke may be controversial, because the reported risk of rt-PA associated intracerebral hemorrhage in these patients is higher compared with that of patients without dementia and because these patients are already disabled. Moreover, there are known risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation in patients with dementia: amyloid angiopathy, leukoaraiosis and the presence of microbleeds. In this review, we describe the impact of dementia on functional outcome following thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke and discuss some of the issues related to the use of this therapy in this specific patient’s population.