艾司西酞普兰与奥氮平对老年抑郁症外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨艾司西酞普兰与奥氮平对老年抑郁症外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法选取100例老年抑郁患者为研究对象,随机分为奥氮平组(n=50)和艾司西酞普兰组(n=50)。奥氮平组给予奥氮平(5mg/d),艾司西酞普兰组给予艾司西酞普兰(5mg/d)。选取50例健康人群为对照组。比较各组T淋巴细胞亚群、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分、副作用量表(TESS)评分及临床疗效。结果老年抑郁症患者CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均显著降低,CD8+显著升高,与对照组相比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,艾司西酞普兰组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均显著升高,CD8+显著降低,与奥氮平组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后1周、2周,艾司西酞普兰组HAMD评分显著低于奥氮平组,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。奥氮平组与艾司酞普兰组有效率比较差异无统计学意义(86.0%vs 90.0%,P0.05)。2组TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论艾司西酞普兰片可有效调节老年抑郁症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群比例,其效果优于奥氮平。奥氮平与艾司西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症的临床疗效相似。     

艾司西酞普兰合并奥氮平治疗难治性抑郁症疗效观察

目的 探讨艾司西酞普兰合并奥氮平对难治性抑郁症的临床疗效.方法 将55例难治性抑郁症患者随机分为研究组(艾司西酞普兰合并奥氮平)和对照组(单用艾司西酞普兰),疗程为12周,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果 治疗结束后,两组HAMD评分较治疗前均有显著性降低(P＜0.05).治疗后第8、12周末,研究组的HAMD评分显著低于对照组,且差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).两组副作用均较小,研究组仅在体重增加、嗜睡方面较对照组高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 艾司西酞普兰合并奥氮平治疗难治性抑郁症能明显提高疗效,安全可靠.     

齐拉西酮和艾司西酞普兰治疗重型抑郁障碍观察

目的探讨齐拉西酮联合艾司西酞普兰治疗重型抑郁障碍的疗效。方法选取我院2013-06—2014-06确诊的重型抑郁患者184例,随机分为观察组和对照组各92例,对照组仅给予艾司西酞普兰,观察组在对照组基础上加用齐拉西酮。比较2组治疗前后的汉密尔顿抑郁量表评(HAMD)分及副反应量表(TESS)评分。结果观察组有效率73.91%,明显高于对照组的60.87%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。观察组在治疗后4周、6周和8周的HAMD评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。2组治疗后2周、4周、6周和8周的TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论齐拉西酮联合艾司西酞普兰治疗重型抑郁障碍效果好,不良反应少,安全性高。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症的临床研究

目的探讨艾司西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症的疗效及不良反应。方法将72例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的老年抑郁症患者采用随机分组的对照方法 ,分为艾司西酞普兰组和西酞普兰组,治疗时间均为12周。两组分别在治疗后第2、4、8、12周末,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)评定疗效,治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果两组12周末HAMD减分率分别为(49.06±19.99)分、(28.88±16.75)分,两组间差异具有显著性意义(P0.01);两组12周末CGI减分率分别为(2.02±1.00)分、(3.01±1.12)分,两组间差异亦具有显著性意义(P0.01);TESS评分两组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论艾司西酞普兰是既有效又安全的新型抗抑郁药,适合对老年抑郁症的治疗。     

艾斯西酞普兰合并认知疗法治疗酒依赖伴抑郁的临床对照研究

目的 评价艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗对酒依赖伴抑郁障碍的临床疗效及安全性.方法 采用随机数字法将62例伴抑郁障碍的酒依赖患者分成艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗组(研究组)和单用艾司西酞普兰治疗组(对照组)各31例,治疗8周,于治疗前及治疗后第1、2、4、8周末采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定临床疗效及不良反应.结果 治疗后第2、4、8周末两组HAMD、HAMA及CGI评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组间HAMD、HAMA及CGI评分在治疗后第1、2、4、8周末比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);两组有效率分别为93.55％和74.20％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗对酒依赖伴抑郁障碍的疗效优于单用艾司西酞普兰,且起效更快,不良反应相当.     

度洛西汀联合艾司西酞普兰治疗老年躯体形式障碍疗效观察

目的探讨度洛西汀联合艾司西酞普兰治疗老年躯体形式障碍的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择60例老年躯体形式障碍患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各30例,对照组给予艾司西酞普兰治疗,观察组给予度洛西汀联合艾司西酞普兰治疗,两组疗程均为6周,比较两组症状自评量表(SCL-90),采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评价临床疗效,观察药物不良反应。结果观察组躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑等SCL-90评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组HAMD评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),总有效率93.33%明显高于对照组70.00%(P0.05);两组药物不良反应发生率(26.67%vs 36.67%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论度洛西汀联合艾司西酞普兰治疗能有助于改善老年躯体形式障碍患者躯体化症状,提高治疗效果,且安全性值得肯定。     

艾司西酞普兰合并认知行为治疗在老年抑郁症治疗中的作用

目的:探讨艾司西酞普兰合并认知行为治疗在老年抑郁症治疗中的作用。方法:将72例老年抑郁症患者随机分为艾司西酞普兰合并认知行为治疗组(研究组,36例)和艾司西酞普兰组(对照组,36例),给予相应的治疗8周。分别于治疗前及治疗1、2、4、6、8周给予汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度量表(CGI-SI)评分;治疗8周以HAMD减分率评价疗效;随访6及12个月观察患者服药的依从性及复发率。结果:研究组和对照组分别有34例和32例完成8周疗程。治疗前两组HAMD、HAMA、CGI-SI评分差异无统计学意义;治疗后两组各时间点HAMD、HAMA、CGI-SI评分较治疗前明显下降(P均<0.01)。治疗1～4周末研究组HAMD、HAMA、CGI-SI评分明显低于对照组(P均<0.01);6～8周两组间各量表评分及疗效比较差异无统计学意义。治疗6及12个月时研究组服药依从率显著高于对照组(χ2=4.942、7.675;P均<0.01);12个月时复发率研究组显著低于对照组(χ2=9.021,P<0.01)。结论:艾司西酞普兰合并认知行为治疗能够更快地改善老年抑郁症患者症状,提高远期服药的依从性,降低复发率。     

艾司西酞普兰与西酞普兰改善癫痫发作患者抑郁症状的对照研究

目的 探讨艾司西酞普兰与西酞普兰改善癫痫发作患者抑郁症状的效果.方法 将158例伴发抑郁症状的癫痫发作患者随机分为研究组(80例)和对照组(78例),研究组给予艾司西酞普兰系统治疗,对照组给予西酞普兰系统治疗,疗程均为4周.入组患者应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)与不良反应量表(TESS)在基线及治疗后第1、2、4周末分别评定疗效与不良反应.结果 与基线相比,研究组HAMD评分在第1周末即有显著性降低(P＜0.05),而对照组HAMD评分在第2周末才有显著性降低(P＜0.05).在治疗后的第1、2、4周末,研究组HAMD评分均低于对照组(P＜0.05).在治疗后的第4周末,研究组临床整体疗效优于对照组(P＜0.05).两组均未出现严重不良反应.结论 艾司西酞普兰和西酞普兰均可有效、安全地改善癫痫发作患者的抑郁症状,而艾司西酞普兰起效更快,疗效更好.     

艾司西酞普兰联合康复训练治疗老年脑卒中后抑郁的效果

目的研究艾司西酞普兰联合康复训练治疗老年脑卒中后抑郁的效果及安全性。方法选择我院2013年1月~2016年12月收治老年脑卒中后抑郁患者120例,采用随机数表法,将其分为对照组和观察组各60例,对照组给予常规脑卒中治疗和艾司西酞普兰,观察组在对照组的基础上联用康复训练,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、生活质量量表(QOL)以及副反应量表(TESS)对患者进行评分,评价疗效及不良反应。结果治疗前,两组患者HAMD、QOL评分无差别(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者HAMD评分明显下降,且观察组患者治疗后第4、8周HAMD评分均低于对照组,观察组患者有效率为96.7%,高于对照组的81.7%,两组患者QOL评分均有提高,且观察组患者治疗后第4、8周QOL评分均高于对照组(P0.05);对照组不良反应总发生率为28.3%,高于观察组的10.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用艾司西酞普兰联合康复训练对老年脑卒中后抑郁患者疗效较好,不良反应少,可以提高患者生活质量。     

拉莫三嗪联合艾司西酞普兰治疗伴MECT抵抗抑郁症的对照研究

目的探索拉莫三嗪联合艾司西酞普兰对伴MECT治疗应答不理想抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取在天津市安定医院就诊的伴MECT抵抗的住院或门诊抑郁症患者66例,采用随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组各33例,试验组接受拉莫三嗪联合艾司西酞普兰治疗,对照组单用艾司西酞普兰治疗。于治疗前及治疗第2、4、6、8、10、12周末进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)评定,在治疗第2、4、8、12周末进行副反应量表(TESS)评定,比较两组的疗效和安全性。结果治疗第2周末,两组HAMD-24评分与治疗前比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),且同期组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗第6周末起,两组HAMD-24评分均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01),且同期试验组HAMD-24评分均低于对照组(P0.05或0.01)。试验组与对照组有效率和总显效率比较差异均有统计学意义(42.4%vs.30.3%)、(27.3%vs.9.1%),两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(15.2%vs.12.1%,P=0.063)。结论拉莫三嗪联合艾司西酞普兰治疗伴MECT抵抗抑郁症的效果优于单用艾司西酞普兰,安全性相当。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

脑电图预测痫性发作研究进展

癫痫(epilepsy)是由脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电所致的临床综合征,系神经系统的常见病,困扰着全世界约1%的人群.每次神经元的阵发性放电或短暂的脑功能异常称为痫性发作(seizures).     

Storage of lipofuscin in neurons in mucopolysaccharidosis

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was made on the brain of a 23-year-old man with Sanfilippo's syndrome. In accordance with previous reports the cortical nerve cells contained a PAS-positive lipid storage substance. This showed intense autofluorescence in UV-light and was positive with various stains for lipofuscin. The storage material appeared ultrastructurally as inclusion bodies composed of short lamellated membranes, granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, concentrically and transversely lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies were observed in the nerve cells. It is concluded that the PAS-positive lipid storage material in the neurons was composed partly of lipofuscin in addition to other lipids presumably glycosphingolipids.Supported by a grant from the Expressen Prenatal Research Foundation     

自噬参与帕金森病发病的研究进展

近年来,蛋白质的降解障碍被认为是帕金森病（Parkinson’Sdisease,PD）发病过程中的重要因素,人们已经公认泛素一蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin--pro—teasomesystem,UPS）功能异常或衰竭能够导致细胞内异常蛋白蓄积、细胞功能障碍,甚至细胞凋亡。与此同时,蛋白降解的另一条途径——自噬-溶酶体途径（autophagy—lysosomepathway,ALP）也已成为了生命科学领域的研究热点,自噬与神经变性疾病,尤其是PD的关系日益受到人们的重视。     

Role of vincristine in the inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma

Objective: Vincristine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, was found to exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumoral activity. However, the precise mechanism by which vincristine inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastomas is not well understood. Our aim was to investigate whether vincristine affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in glioblastoma cells and determine whether it is mediated by the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α).

Methods: We investigated the expression of HIF-1α in glioblastoma tissues resected from patients and in human glioblastoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In addition to an MTT assay assessing the effect of vincristine on cell proliferation and viability, the effects of vincristine on VEGF mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein were examined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis under 1% O₂ (hypoxia).

Results: HIF-1α was expressed in the majority of glioblastoma tissues and was detected mainly in the nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity for HIF- 1 α was found often in the hypercellular zones. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein levels in the glioblastoma cell lines increased, primarily localizing into the nucleus similar to glioblastoma tissues. Exposure of glioblastoma cells to vincristine resulted in enrichment of the G₂-M fraction of the cell cycle, which suggests that vincristine-mediated growth inhibition of glioblastoma is correlated with mitotic inhibition. Using doses lower than those found to reduce the viability and proliferation of cells by 50% (IC₅₀), vincristine decreased both the expression of VEGF mRNA and the level of HIF-1α protein in hypoxic glioblastoma cells. In addition, following exposure to vincristine, the expression of VEGF mRNA was correlated with HIF-1α protein levels.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mechanism by which vincristine elicits an anti-angiogenic effect in glioblastomas under hypoxic conditions might be mediated, in part, by HIF-1α inhibition.     

Midazolam in treatment of various types of seizures in children

Midazolam is a recently developed water-soluble benzodiazepine that shares anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic and anticonvulsant actions with other members of this class. There are limited studies that midazolam can be used successfully to treat seizures in adults and children. In this study, 0.2 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) midazolam was administered to 11 children (eight boys and three girls), aged 3 days to 4 years (mean age 1.8±1.4 years), with seizures of various types. In all but one child, seizures stopped in 15 s–5 min after injection. No side effects were observed. These results suggest that IM administration of midazolam may be useful in a variety of seizures during childhood, especially in case of intravenous (IV) line problem.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Issues in evaluation of cognition in the elderly in developing countries

Background:

Developing regions of the world host the majority of elderly subjects who are at risk for dementia. Reliable epidemiological data from these countries is invaluable in tackling this global problem. Scarcity of such data in literature is largely attributable to problems that are unique to developing communities worldwide.

Objective:

To classify and describe the problems that interfere with the collection of reliable epidemiological data on cognitive impairment in the elderly in developing communities, and to suggest practical solutions for some of them.

Methods:

Inferring from the experiences of a large, ongoing, population-based study on the cognitive impairments in the elderly in South India and from the review of literature.

Conclusion:

A fatalistic attitude regarding aging in the communities, significant heterogeneity in educational abilities and activities of daily living, high illiteracy among rural subjects, and lack of an organized health care system and updated demographic figures are some of the major factors that contribute to technical, namely, methodology-related problems and practical, namely, subject-related problems in such epidemiological studies.