精神发育迟滞患者的单胺类物质代谢研究

用高效液相色谱法测定３３例精神发育迟滞（ＭＲ）患者及１２例对照者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）和血清中单胺类物质，结果显示：精神发育迟滞患者ＣＳＦ中高香草酸（Ｃ－ＨＶＡ）和５－羟吲哚乙酸（Ｃ－５－ＨＩＡＡ）高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；先天愚型组Ｃ－ＨＶＡ明显高于其它三组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｃ－５－ＨＩＡＡ高于对照组和脆性Ｘ综合征组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而先天愚型组血清中５－羟色胺低于其它三组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；脆性Ｘ综合征组的游离色氨酸高于其它三组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

多发梗塞性痴呆患者血浆和脑脊液中若干神经肽含量的变化

用放射免疫法测定了３０例多发梗塞性痴呆（ＭＩＤ）、３５例无痴呆多发脑梗塞患者（ＭＣＩ）及３０名健康人的血浆生长抑素（ＳＳ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）及β－内啡肽（β－ＥＰ）含量，同时测定了部分ＭＩＤ和ＭＣＩ患者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中ＳＳ、ＡＶＰ、β－ＥＰ含量。发现ＭＩＤ患者血浆ＳＳ、ＡＶＰ含量比ＭＣＩ组和健康对照组均降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），且随痴呆程度的加重，其含量有递减趋势。而血浆中β－ＥＰ在这三组间差异无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＭＩＤ组ＣＳＦ中ＳＳ、β－ＥＰ含量低于ＭＣＩ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＣＳＦ中ＡＶＰ含量在两组间无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＣＳＦ中ＡＶＰ含量与痴呆的关系有待进一步研究。     

氧化、脂质过氧化与脑梗死关系的探讨

目的:探讨一氧化氮、氧化、脂质过氧化与脑梗死的关系。方法:检测了１４６例急性脑梗死患者(ＣＩ)和１００例健康志愿者(ＨＶ)血浆中的一氧化氮(Ｐ－ＮＯ)、维生素Ｃ(Ｐ－ＶＣ)、维生素Ｅ(Ｐ－ＶＥ)、β－胡萝卜素(Ｐ－β－ＣＡＲ)和过氧化脂质(Ｐ－ＬＰＯ)含量及红细胞中的超氧化物歧化酶(Ｅ－ＳＯＤ)、过氧化氢酶(Ｅ－ＣＡＴ)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Ｅ－ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ)活性和过氧化脂质(Ｅ－ＬＰＯ)含量并作分析比较;同时,检测了其中４４例患者治疗前后的上述生化指标,并作分析比较。结果:与ＨＶ组比较,ＣＩ组的Ｐ－ＮＯ、Ｐ－ＬＰＯ、Ｅ－ＬＰＯ平均值均显著升高(Ｐ＜０．００１),Ｐ－ＶＣ、Ｐ－ＶＥ、Ｐ－β－ＣＡＲ、Ｅ－ＳＯＤ、Ｅ－ＣＡＴ、Ｅ－ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ平均值均显著降低(Ｐ＜０．００１);与治疗前比较,治疗后的Ｐ－ＮＯ、Ｐ－ＬＰＯ、Ｅ－ＬＰＯ平均值均显著降低(Ｐ＜０．００１),Ｐ－ＶＣ、Ｐ－ＶＥ、Ｐ－β－ＣＡＲ、Ｅ－ＳＯＤ、Ｅ－ＣＡＴ、Ｅ－ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ平均值均显著升高(Ｐ＜０．００１)。结论:脑梗死患者体内ＮＯ代谢异常,一系列自由基连锁反应病理性加剧,氧化抗氧化平衡严重失调,ＮＯ、氧化和脂质过氧化损伤加剧。     

血可溶性白细胞介素2受体与不同精神疾病的相关性研究

为了解精神疾病与可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）的关系，采用双抗体夹心步骤的酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）来检测精神分裂症４０例、躁狂症１８例、抑郁症２０例及４９名健康者的血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ含量。结果显示，精神分裂症和抑郁症患者血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ基础值较健康对照组显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），躁狂症组较对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而精神分裂症和抑郁症患者经治疗后血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），躁狂症则明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示精神疾病患者存在有免疫缺陷，血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ是可供判断免疫缺陷和精神症状演变的一个参考指标。     

小儿病毒性脑炎患者内皮素—1含量的研究

采用放射免疫均相竟争法，测定５６例急性病毒性脑炎（ＡＶＥ）患儿的血浆和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）含量。结果发现，ＡＶＥ急性期患儿血浆ＥＴ－１含量明显高于疾病对照组和正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），急性期血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１含量高于恢复期（Ｐ＜０．０１），血浆与ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１含量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８５８，Ｐ＜０．００１），病情严重、抽搐频繁、ＥＥＧ和脑ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ显示病变部位广泛者，血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１含量增高更为显著。认为ＥＴ－１是一种新的内源性致病因子，在ＡＶＥ病程发展与转归中起重要作用。     

川续断对Alzheimer病模型大鼠海马内淀粉样前体蛋白表达的影响

有关Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）的治疗尚无有效的措施。文中用铝诱导建立ＡＤ大鼠模型,将ＡＤ大鼠分为对照、续断和ｖｉｔａｍｉｎＥ（ＶＥ）三组,用川续断／ＶＥ处理ＡＤ大鼠１,３,５个月,分别进行行为学测试、光镜形态学观察、免疫细胞化学图像分析处理。结果：１．川续断／ＶＥ处理１,３,５个月三个时间段中三组间①大鼠学习记忆力有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;②海马结构内淀粉样前体蛋白样免疫反应（ＡＰＰ－ＬＩ）神经元的胞体平均截面积及光密度（ＡＳＯ）各存在有统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２．续断组和ＶＥ组于川续断／ＶＥ处理１,３,５个月间的纵向比较显示①大鼠学习记忆力也有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）;②海马结构内ＡＰＰ－ＬＩ神经元的胞体平均截面积及ＡＳＯ各存在有统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示川续断和ＶＥ对淀粉样前体蛋白在神经元的过度表达有明显的抑制作用,并且可以改善大鼠学习记忆力。     

高血压合并急性脑血管病的心率变异分析

目的：探讨急性脑组织损害对原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者心率变异（ＨＲＶ）的影响。方法：对２６例ＥＨ并急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）患者进行２４ｈ动态心电图ＨＲＶ测定,并与２０例ＥＨ元ＡＣＶＤ患者进行对比。结果：ＥＨ并ＡＣＶＤ组最小心率及平均心率明显高于无ＡＣＶＤ组（Ｐ〈０．０１;Ｐ〈０．０１）;２４ｈ相邻Ｒ－Ｒ间期之差的均方根（ｒＭＳＳＤ）、相邻Ｒ－Ｒ间期之差大于５０ｍｓ的心搏数占心搏总数的百分比（ＰＮＮ５     

实验性犬SAH后CVS血浆、CSF中ET、CGRP含量动态变化及巴曲酶的保护作用研究

采用放免法动态观察了２５只实验性犬ＳＡＨ后ＣＶＳ动物模型的血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ及ＣＧＲＰ含量变化及巴曲酶的保护作用。结果：单纯注血组及巴曲酶治疗组的血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ含量较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＧＲＰ含量明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。单纯注血组在注血后３０ｍｉｎ血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ含量开始升高，ＣＧＲＰ含量开始下降，至第７ｄＥＴ达最高值，ＣＧＲＰ达最低值。经蛛网膜下腔及静脉注入巴曲酶０．４ＢＵ／ｋｇ／ｄ组，血浆及ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ含量均较同期单纯注血组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＧＲＰ则明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ、ＣＧＲＰ失衡是ＳＡＨ后ＣＶＳ的原因之一。巴曲酶可防止ＥＴ升高和ＣＧＲＰ降低。     

高血压合并急性脑血管病的心率变异性改变

对原发性高血压（ＥＨ）合并急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）患者３０例进行２４小时动态心电图心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）测定，并与３０例无ＡＣＶＤ的ＥＨ患者进行对比。结果显示，合并ＡＣＶＤ组最小心率及平均心率明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１、＜０．００１）；ＳＤＮＮ、ｒＭＳＳＤ、ＰＮＮ５０比对照组明显减低（Ｐ＜０．００１、＜０．０１、＜０．００１）。提示合并ＡＣＶＤ的ＥＨ患者ＨＲＶ减低，其主要原因可能是自主神经中枢损害。     

ABC－ELISA法检测重症肌无力患者三种自身抗体的研究

本文利用ＡＢＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测了９７例ＭＧ病人血清内三种抗体：ＡｃｈＲａｂ、Ｐｒ－Ｍａｂ、ＣＡＥａｂ。结果发现：（１）全身型ＡｃｈＲａｂ、ｐｒ－Ｍａｂ阳性率明显高于眼肌型（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＡｃｈＲａｂ与Ｐｒ－ＭａｂＰ／Ｎ值呈线性正相关（ｒ＝０．７９７Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）合并胸腺异常者ＣＡＥａｂ阳性率为８４．２％，明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；此组病人ＡｃｈＲａｂ与ＣＡＥａｂＰ／Ｎ值呈显著正相关，Ｐｒ－Ｍａｂ与ＣＡＥａｂＰ／Ｎ值呈非常显著正相关。（ｒ＝０．５１２和ｒ＝０．５９８Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）８例病人作了治疗前后抗体检测。激素治疗后或切除异常胸腺后，抗体滴度多数下降或有转阴趋势。     

Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAlzheimer disease (AD) patients are at risk of nutritional insufficiencies because of physiological and psychological factors. Nutritional compounds are postulated to play a role in the pathophysiological processes that are affected in AD. We here provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis that compares plasma levels of micronutrients and fatty acids in AD patients to those in cognitively intact elderly controls. A secondary objective was to explore the presence of different plasma nutrient levels between AD and control populations that did not differ in measures of protein/energy nourishment.MethodsWe screened literature published after 1990 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and Embase electronic databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for AD patients, controls, micronutrient, vitamins, and fatty acids, resulting in 3397 publications, of which 80 met all inclusion criteria. Status of protein/energy malnutrition was assessed by body mass index, mini nutritional assessment score, or plasma albumin. Meta-analysis, with correction for differences in mean age between AD patients and controls, was performed when more than five publications were retrieved for a specific nutrient.ResultsWe identified five or more studies for folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, copper, iron, and zinc but fewer than five studies for vitamins B1 and B6, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and selenium (the results of the individual publications are discussed). Meta-analysis showed significantly lower plasma levels of folate and vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin E (P < .001), whereas nonsignificantly lower levels of zinc (P = .050) and vitamin D (P = .075) were found in AD patients. No significant differences were observed for plasma levels of copper and iron. A meta-analysis that was limited to studies reporting no differences in protein/energy malnourishment between AD and control populations yielded similar significantly lower plasma levels of folate and vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin E in AD.ConclusionsThe lower plasma nutrient levels indicate that patients with AD have impaired systemic availability of several nutrients. This difference appears to be unrelated to the classic malnourishment that is well known to be common in AD, suggesting that compromised micronutrient status may precede protein and energy malnutrition. Contributing factors might be AD-related alterations in feeding behavior and intake, nutrient absorption, alterations in metabolism, and increased utilization of nutrients for AD pathology-related processes. Given the potential role of nutrients in the pathophysiological processes of AD, the utility of nutrition may currently be underappreciated and offer potential in AD management.     

血管性痴呆患者血清叶酸、Vitamin B12 水平变化的临床研究

目的测定血管性痴呆(VD)与非痴呆脑血管病(NDCVD)患者及健康老年者血清叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)水平,同时评估认知功能的变化,分析并探讨其在VD的可能作用。方法选择VD40人,为痴呆组;NDCVD40人,为非痴呆组;同期选定40名健康老年人作为对照组。应用MMSE对3组对象的认知功能进行评定,测定被试着血清叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)水平。初步观察补充叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)对VD认知功能的影响。结果3组血清叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)水平(以中位数M及95%的可信区间CI表示),以VD组最低为4.20ng/ml(4.07～5.50)、343.67pg/ml(296.54～413.73)。与对照组比较有显著性(P<0.01),VD与NDCVD组相比叶酸水平不同(P<0.01),而Vitamin B_(12)水平无差别(P>0.05)。3组MMSE值VD组最低(16.05±5.94),各组之间明显不同(P<0.01)。初步显示补充叶酸、Vita- min B_(12)对VD患者认知功能有一定的改善作用。结论VD患者血清叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)水平明显低于健康者,低水平叶酸、Vitamin B_(12)可能对VD的认知功能有影响。     

同型半胱氨酸与兔脑动脉损伤的关系及维生素B6、B12、叶酸对其预防作用的探讨

目的探讨高蛋氨酸(Met)喂饲兔引发高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)血症与脑动脉损伤的关系,同时观察补充VitB6、VitB12、叶酸对血Hcy水平和动脉损伤的影响.方法采用纯种雄性新西兰兔26只,分为三组对照组、高蛋氨酸组、干预组,分别喂以普通兔饲料每只200g/d、普通饲料添加0.5%Met、普通饲料每天每只兔添加0.5%Met、叶酸2.5mg、VitB6 10mg、VitB12 200mg,喂养6个月,测定血浆总Hcy(tHcy),光镜检测脑动脉组织学改变.结果实验前血浆tHcy浓度三组间无明显差异,实验后断食2 h和7 h血tHcy浓度高Met组明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而干预组血tHcy浓度明显低于高Met组(P＜0.01),但仍高于对照组.光镜组织学检测发现高Met组和干预组脑动脉可见内皮细胞坏死、脱落、溃疡形成,附壁血栓,中膜平滑肌散乱疏松.结论高Met引发高Hcy血症对脑动脉有损伤,且VitB6、VitB12、叶酸的补充可以降低高Met引发的高Hcy浓度的水平.     

婴儿期维生素K缺乏症颅内出血的CT分析

目的：为进一步提高对婴儿期维生素Ｋ缺乏症所致颅内出血ＣＴ征象的认识,方法：回顾性分析经临床证实有各种颅内出血的ＣＴ改变共９７例,结果：按颅内出血的部位及并发症分为单纯性,混合性,其ＣＴ改变主要以急性和亚急性出血为主,以蛛网膜下腔出血,硬膜下出血,混合性脑出血多见,常合并有大面积脑水肿。     

Enhanced functional recombinant factor VII production by HEK 293 cells stably transfected with VKORC1 where the gamma-carboxylase inhibitor calumenin is stably suppressed by shRNA transfection

INTRODUCTION: Recombinant members of the vitamin K-dependent protein family (factors IX and VII and protein C) have become important pharmaceuticals in treatment of bleeding disorders and sepsis. However, because the in vivo gamma-carboxylation system in stable cell lines used for transfection has a limited capacity of post translational gamma-carboxylation, the recovery of fully gamma-carboxylated and functional proteins is low. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this work we have engineered recombinant factor VII producing HEK 293 cells to stably overexpress VKORC1, the reduced vitamin K gamma-carboxylase cofactor and in addition stably silenced the gamma-carboxylase inhibitory protein calumenin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Stable cell lines transfected with only a factor VII cDNA had a 9% production of functional recombinant factor VII. On the other hand, these recombinant factor VII producing cells when engineered to overexpress VKORC1 and having calumenin stably suppressed more than 80% by shRNA expression, produced 68% functional factor VII. The technology presented should be applicable to all vertebrae members of the vitamin K-dependent protein family and should lower the production cost of the clinically used factors VII, IX and protein C.     

Elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine in antiepileptic drug treatment

PURPOSE: Homocysteine is an experimental convulsant and an established risk factor in atherosclerosis. A nutritional deficiency of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or folate leads to increased homocysteine plasma concentrations. During treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin, or phenobarbital, a deficiency in these vitamins is common. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment is associated with increased homocysteine plasma concentrations. METHODS: A total of 51 consecutive outpatients of our epilepsy clinic receiving stable, individually adjusted AED treatment and 51 sex- and age-matched controls were enrolled in the study. Concentrations of total homocysteine and vitamin B6 were measured in plasma; vitamin B12 and folate were measured in the serum of fasted subjects. RESULTS: Patients and controls differed significantly in concentrations of folate ( 13.5+/-1.0 vs. 17.4+/-0.8 nM and vitamin B6 (39.7+/-3.4 vs. 66.2+/-7.5 nM), whereas serum concentrations of vitamin B12 were similar. The homocysteine plasma concentration was significantly increased to 14.7+/-3.0 microM in patients compared with controls (9.5+/-0.5 microM; p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). The number of patients with concentrations of >15 microM was significantly higher in the patient group than among controls. The same result was obtained if only patients with CBZ monotherapy were included. Patients with increased homocysteine plasma concentrations had lower folate concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that prolonged AED treatment may increase plasma concentrations of homocysteine, although the alternative explanation that increased homocysteine plasma concentrations are associated with the disease and not the treatment cannot be completely excluded at the moment.     

叶酸和维生素B6、B12联合治疗青年脑卒中合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的疗效观察

目的 观察叶酸和维生素B6、B12联合治疗青年脑卒中合并高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)血症的疗效.方法 将150例青年脑卒中合并高Hcy血症患者随机分为低剂量叶酸和维生素B6、B12治疗组(低剂量组)、高剂量叶酸和维生素B6、B12治疗组(高剂量组)、对照组,每组50例.用药剂量:低剂量组给予叶酸2.5mg/d、维生素B6 10 mg/d、维生素B12 0.5 mg/d,高剂量组给予叶酸5 mg/d、维生素B6 30 ms/d、维生素B12 1.5mg/d,连续给药4周,对照组不予叶酸和维生素B6、B12治疗.治疗前后检测血浆Hcy浓度,治疗后血浆Hcy浓度＜15 μmol/L为有效;并观察不良反应.结果 治疗4周后低剂量组、高剂量组临床有效率分别是70.4%、71.6%,与对照组(4.6%)相比差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);治疗后低剂量组、高剂量组血浆Hcy浓度比治疗前明显降低(下降33.9%和36.1%)(均P＜0.01);对照组治疗后的血浆Hcy浓度无明显下降.3组治疗过程中均未出现不良反应.结论 叶酸和维生素B6、B12联合治疗青年脑卒中合并的高Hcy血症有明显效果,而且高、低两种剂量均有效;无不良反应.     

The combination of vitamin D<Subscript>3</Subscript> and dehydroascorbic acid administration attenuates brain damage in focal ischemia

The aim of this study is to determine the protective effects of vitamin D₃ and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model of brain since reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathophysiology of I/R injury in brain. In order to examine antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation, we assayed malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities as free radical scavenging enzymes in cortex and corpus striatum (CS). Wistar albino rats were divided into five equal groups of each consisting of seven rats: control, I/R, I/R + DHA, I/R + vitamin D₃, and I/R + vitamin D₃ + dehydroascorbic acid groups. MDA levels were found to be increased in the I/R group, I/R + DHA, and I/R + vitamin D₃ groups compared with the control group in both cortex and corpus striatum. However, MDA level were found to be significantly decreased in only I/R + vitamin D₃ + DHA group compared with the I/R group in cortex (P < 0.0001). MDA levels were not significantly different in I/R + DHA, and I/R + vitamin D₃ groups compared with the I/R group. GSH and SOD enzyme activities were significantly decreased in I/R, I/R + DHA, and I/R + vitamin D₃ groups compared with the control group in both cortex and corpus striatum (CS) (P < 0.0001). Whereas, both GSH and SOD activity were increased in I/R + vitamin D₃ + DHA group compared with the I/R group in both cortex and CS (P < 0.001 in cortex, P < 0.001 in CS for SOD P < 0.002 in cortex P < 0.03 in CS for GSH). Our results demonstrate that the combination of vitamin D₃ and DHA treatment prevent free radical production and dietary supplementation of vitamin D₃ and DHA which may be useful in the ischemic cerebral vascular diseases.     

Association of serum levels and receptor genes BsmI,TaqI and FokI polymorphisms of vitamin D with the severity of multiple sclerosis

PurposeMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. Vitamin D has a major role in preventing inflammatory disorders. Therefore, any alteration in vitamin D receptor (VDR) might be a genetic risk factor for MS development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of serum levels and VDR FokI, BsmI, and TaqI gene polymorphisms on the severity of MS.MethodsThis case-control study recruited 160 MS patients (71.9% females, mean age of 34.3 ± 8.3 years) and 162 (66.7% females, mean age 35.4 ± 7.9 year) age, sex, and ethnicity matched healthy controls. FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), and TaqI (rs731236) polymorphisms were carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Demographic, clinical parameters, and the levels of vitamin D were compared between groups.ResultsWe found that the frequency of FokI and TaqI polymorphisms significantly differed between the patients and the controls (p = 0.0127 and p = 0.0236, respectively). The MS patients had low levels of vitamin D compared to the controls (p = 0.011). In addition, TaqI T/C polymorphism significantly decreased the levels of vitamin D in the MS patients (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant association between FokI or BsmI SNPs and the levels of vitamin D in MS patients (p > 0.5).ConclusionOur results suggest that FokI and TaqI polymorphisms of VDR are associated with MS risk and TaqI polymorphism is associated with Vitamin D levels in MS patients. Meanwhile, no difference was observed between VDR gene polymorphisms and any types of MS.