血塞通对缺血再灌注大鼠脑细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察血塞通预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤脑细胞凋亡的影响.方法 采用线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,检测再灌注后缺血脑细胞凋亡情况, 并测定脑组织Ca2 含量变化.结果 血塞通能减轻缺血脑组织脑细胞的凋亡(P<0.01),能降低脑组织Ca2 含量(P<0.01).结论 血塞通对大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,可能与其降低脑组织钙含量、减轻脑细胞凋亡有关.     

人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后MDA、SOD及细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注的保护作用,探讨其作用机制。方法:将40只大鼠随机分为4 组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组、治疗组1、治疗组2,采用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,72h断头取脑,Nissel染色光镜下观察海马CA1区病理形态变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,同时检测脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量。结果:与缺血再灌注组相比,人参总皂甙治疗组光镜下病理损伤轻,脑组织中MDA含量降低、SOD含量升高,细胞凋亡数降低。结论:人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制自由基损伤有关。     

黄芪甲甙对缺血脑GSH—px,MDA含量的影响

脑缺血细胞损伤的原因之一为自由基大量形成和脂质过氧化的病理过程.本研究采用大脑中动脉插线法小鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,用DTNB直接法测定缺血脑组织GSH-px活性,TBA法测MDA含量,观察黄芪甲甙对缺血脑组织GSH-px活性和MDA含量的影响.结果表明,缺血脑GSH-px活性稍有降低,但无统计学意义;MDA含量显著升高;腹腔注射黄芪甲甙轻度增高GSH-px活性,但显著降低缺血脑组织中MDA含量.提示缺血脑组织发生明显的脂质过氧化反应,且脑组织潜在抗氧化能力降低.黄芪甲甙对清除自由基,保护缺血脑组织有一定作用.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的细胞凋亡与Bcl-2、Bax的表达

目的:观察脑缺血再灌注损伤中的细胞凋亡与Bcl2家族的关系。方法:参照ZeaLonga线栓法制作急性大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,观察脑缺血再灌注后大鼠缺血脑组织中的凋亡细胞变化情况及Bcl2、Bax蛋白表达情况,同时通过透射电镜观察缺血侧脑组织神经元超微结构变化。结果:同对照组相比缺血再灌注组凋亡神经元细胞增多(TUNEL阳性细胞)(P<0.05);Bax、Bcl2阳性细胞均升高(P<0.01),同时Bcl2/Bax比值降低;电镜观察神经元超微结构出现凋亡早期改变。结论:Bcl2/Bax比值影响脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡。     

GDNF基因转染的细胞侧脑室内移植对缺血性脑损伤大鼠的神经保护作用

目的 研究胶质源性神经营养因子GDNF基因转导的细胞侧脑室内移植治疗局灶性缺血性脑损伤大鼠的可行性,并探讨GDNF的神经保护作用机制.方法 体外培养SH-SY5Y细胞株,并用分子克隆技术转导入GFP-GDNF基因,使其可持续分泌绿色荧光蛋白GFP和GDNF.取75只体重150～180 g的健康雄性大鼠,分为移植缺血组、注射缺血组、缺血对照组和正常组等.在立体定向仪介导下向移植缺血组大鼠侧脑室注入转导GDNF基因的SY5Y细胞,向注射缺血组大鼠侧脑室内注射入5U/10μL的GDNF,24 h后采用线栓法对移植缺血组、注射缺血组和缺血对照组动物进行手术,建立局灶性脑缺血损伤模型（即大脑中动脉阻断,MCAO）,在缺血后2 d时用Longa五分法评测行为学改变,TTC染色判断梗塞体积大小,用Western-blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2/Bax的表达水平.结果 在缺血损伤两天后,移植缺血组动物的肢体功能恢复效果优于缺血对照组,TTC染色亦提示移植缺血组脑梗死体积小于缺血对照组和注射缺血组（P＜0.01）.缺血灶周围脑组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax含量均明显增高,移植缺血组Bcl-2/Bax的比值高于缺血对照组和注射缺血组.结论 GD-NF对缺血性脑损伤大鼠有神经保护作用,用GDNF基因转导的细胞移植治疗是一种可行的途径,效果优于经侧脑室直接给药.GDNF可调节凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2/Bax的表达,这可能为其神经保护作用的机制之一.     

亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过研究亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达和细胞凋亡的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护的可能机制.方法 将雄性SD大鼠39只分为假手术组、常温缺血组和缺血期亚低温组.制作大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2h再灌注48h,HE染色观察各组大鼠脑组织形态学改变;采用TTC染色法观察梗死体积;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡;免疫组化法检测MMP-9表达.结果 亚低温减轻脑缺血组织病理学损伤,明显缩小脑梗死体积(P<0.05).常温下缺血侧脑组织可见大量TUNEL阳性细胞和MMP-9免疫阳性细胞,主要位于皮质缺血半暗带区.亚低温减少脑缺血后TUNEL阳性细胞数目(P<0.05),明显下调MMP-9蛋白表达(P<0.05).结论 亚低温可能通过下调脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达,抑制细胞凋亡,从而发挥确实的脑保护作用.     

TLR4参与缺血后处理对缺血再灌注损伤致细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨TLR4是否参与缺血后处理对PC12细胞缺血再灌注损伤致细胞凋亡的保护作用及其作用机制。方法将PC12细胞分为4组：正常组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组及缺血后处理＋脂多糖组,通过流式细胞术Annexin-FITC和PI双染法检测各组PC12细胞凋亡率,Western blotting检测各组细胞TLR4及Caspase-3表达水平,通过RT-PCR测定各组TLR4mRNA水平。结果缺血后处理可以降低缺血再灌注组细胞TLR4蛋白表达、mRNA水平及凋亡率,脂多糖可以逆转其下降趋势。结论TLR4可能参与了缺血后处理对PC12细胞缺血再灌注损伤致细胞凋亡的保护作用。     

东菱迪芙对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后JNK和ERK活性的影响

目的探讨东菱迪芙对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和胞外信号调节酶(ERK)活性的影响。方法采用大脑中动脉线栓法(MCAO)建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,用免疫组织化学法和免疫印迹法检测ERK和JNK的活性,同时观察缺血侧脑组织形态学变化、脑梗死体积比、凋亡细胞数。结果东菱迪芙可下调脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织JNK蛋白的活性,上调ERK蛋白的活性,并降低梗死体积、坏死和凋亡细胞数。结论东菱迪芙对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,抑制JNK凋亡通路、促进ERK生存通路, 从而减轻细胞凋亡是其脑保护机制之一。     

骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞对大鼠局灶性脑缺血神经细胞凋亡及相关蛋白表达的动态影响

目的探讨骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞对大鼠局灶性脑缺血神经细胞凋亡及相关蛋白表达的影响。方法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。32只健康Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠分为假手术组、缺血对照组、缺血骨髓基质细胞移植组和缺血骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞移植组。分别在移植后7d和14d行脑灌注固定取材,应用免疫组化染色及原位细胞凋亡检测脑组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达及凋亡细胞数。结果缺血移植组各时点的凋亡细胞数均少于缺血对照组(P<0.01),缺血移植14d组凋亡细胞数明显少于缺血移植7d组(P<0.01),骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞移植组凋亡细胞明显少于骨髓基质细胞移植组(P<0.05)。缺血移植组Bcl-2表达显著高于缺血对照组(P<0.01)。缺血移植组Bax蛋白表达明显低于缺血对照组(P<0.01)。结论骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞可能通过上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达,对脑缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用。     

Aβ致PC12细胞的损伤机制与多奈哌齐的神经保护作用

目的 :研究Aβ2 5 3 5蛋白诱导PC12细胞损伤类型以及多奈哌齐对其的保护作用。方法 :采用细胞培养、MTT、LDH检测、TUNEL和透射电镜技术 ,观察Aβ2 5 3 5蛋白对PC12细胞的损伤类型以及多奈哌齐对其的保护作用。结果 :单纯Aβ 10 μmol·L-1处理细胞后 12h ,即可检测到LDH浓度明显升高 [( 2 85 0± 15 0 )U·L-1] ;2 4h后 ,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡百分率为 3 2 % ,明显高于多奈哌齐干预组(P <0 0 1) ,细胞增殖活性降低 ;透射电镜观察可见细胞凋亡和变性坏死两种现象并存。给予多奈哌齐保护组细胞 ,凋亡百分率、LDH浓度分别不同程度升高 ,但明显低于单纯Aβ 10 μmol·L-1处理组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;细胞增殖活性也明显高于单纯处理组。结论 :Aβ引起的细胞损伤中凋亡与变性坏死并存。多奈哌齐对Aβ诱导的这两种损伤都有一定的保护作用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]