强迫症团体认知行为治疗与药物治疗的随机对照研究

目的分析团体认知行为治疗(group cognitive-behavioral therapy,GCBT)对强迫症患者的疗效。方法本研究采用随机对照试验设计,与常规抗强迫药物治疗做对照。将符合入组标准的94例未用药强迫症患者,采用Excel软件中的RAND函数产生随机数字表形成随机分组序列的简单随机分组法,随机分为GCBT组(47例)和药物治疗组(47例)。经12周的结构化GCBT治疗和常规抗强迫药物治疗,采用t检验、卡方检验和方差分析比较2组间Y-BOCS、HAMA14和HAMD24平均减分率和减分值的差异。结果(1)2组基线Y-BOCS及HAMA14评分差异无统计学意义(t=0.281,P=0.779;t=0.795,P=0.429),但GCBT组HAMD24评分显著低于药物治疗组(t=2.316,P<0.05)。2组各有16例患者退出治疗,总脱落率为34%(32/94)。(2)12周治疗结束时,2组患者的Y-BOCS评分较基线显著降低,GCBT组和药物治疗组治疗前后Y-BOCS平均减分率[(37.0±27.4)%比(45.5±22.9)%]和平均减分值[(9.0±6.3)分比(11.0±5.8)分]比较差异无统计学意义[F(1,62)=0.069,P=0.794;F(1,62)=0.001,P=0.975]。GCBT组和药物治疗组的有效率和治愈率差异无统计学意义(χ^2=1.653,P=0.199;χ^2=0.088,P=0.767)。(3)GCBT组HAMA14减分率和减分值与药物治疗组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.922,P=0.362;t=1.082,P=0.286)。(4)GCBT组HAMD24减分率与药物治疗组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义,但药物治疗组HAMD24减分值显著高于GCBT组(t=2.239,P=0.029)。结论GCBT与常规抗强迫药物治疗强迫症患者的强迫和焦虑症状的疗效相当,常规药物治疗对抑郁症状的疗效优于GCBT。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激辅助运动前区治疗强迫症的疗效分析

目的探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激(low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, LF-rTMS作用于辅助运动前区(pre-supplementary motor area, pre-SMA)对强迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder,OCD)患者的疗效。方法按照随机数字表法将100例强迫症患者分为pre-SMA组(33例)、背外侧前额叶(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC)组(32例)和对照组(35例),在原药物治疗基础上,pre-SMA组和DLPFC组分别于相应脑区给予1 Hz rTMS治疗,对照组给予假性刺激,分别在治疗前、治疗后第4周末和第12周末用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale,Y-BOCS)评估患者强迫症状。结果重复测量方差分析显示,Y-BOCS评分时间主效应、时间与组别交互作用有统计学意义(P0.01)。治疗前比较3组总强迫评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗4周末,DLPFC组强迫评分低于pre-SMA组、对照组(P0.05);治疗12周末,pre-SMA组和DLPFC组强迫评分低于对照组(P0.05)。pre-SMA组、DLPFC组、对照组强迫评分减分率(35.77%±10.51%vs. 54.18%±10.09%vs. 18.85%±6.52%)差异有统计学意义(F=110.38, P0.01)。结论 LF-rTMS刺激preSMA对改善强迫症患者症状具有临床意义。     

无抽搐电休克与喹硫平联合氟伏沙明治疗难治性强迫症的疗效比较

目的对比无抽搐电休克(MECT)与喹硫平联合氟伏沙明治疗难治性强迫症(OCD)的疗效及安全性。方法50例难治性强迫症患者随机分为2组各25例,观察组给予MECT联合氟伏沙明治疗,对照组给予喹硫平联合氟伏沙明治疗,疗程12周。2组均于治疗前及治疗后第4、8、12周末采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、17-项汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)及汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)各评分1次,以减分率评定临床疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果 12周末观察组显效率64%,对照组显效率60%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),TESS评分亦无显著差异(P0.05)。结论MECT与喹硫平联合氟伏沙明治疗难治性强迫症的疗效相当,安全性好。     

森田疗法联合舍曲林治疗强迫症患者的短期临床研究

目的研究森田疗法联合舍曲林治疗强迫症(OCD)患者的疗效。方法选取2016年1月～2018年4月我院治疗的OCD患者82例。按照入院先后顺序分组,各41例。对照组予以舍曲林治疗,观察组在此基础上联合森田疗法,干预12周后统计两组临床疗效,并对比干预前、干预后耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)评分变化。结果干预后观察组总有效率为83.72%,较对照组(62.79%)高(P0.05);干预前、干预2周两组Y-BOCS评分相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预4、6、8、12周时两组Y-BOCS评分较干预前均降低,且观察组降低幅度较对照组大(P0.05);干预12周后观察组SCL-90量表各因子评分较对照组低(P0.05)。结论森田心理疗法联合舍曲林治疗OCD患者,能更有效的改善患者强迫症状,提高临床疗效。     

奎硫平单用与联合碳酸锂治疗女性躁狂发作患者的对照研究

目的:观察奎硫平对女性躁狂发作的急性期及维持期治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:将61例女性躁狂发作患者随机分为研究组(30例)和对照组(31例),两组均给予奎硫平0.4~0.8 g/d,对照组在此基础上加用碳酸锂1.0~1.75 g/d,治疗6周。于治疗前后采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)评定疗效;于治疗后采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果:治疗后BRMS评分两组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.41~1.17,P均0.05);研究组痊愈率69.0%,对照组痊愈率73.3%,两组痊愈率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.77,P均0.05)。两组不良反应比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01~1.51,P均0.05)。结论:奎硫平单用与奎硫平联合碳酸锂治疗女性躁狂发作的疗效及安全性相当。     

丁螺环酮联合氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效分析

目的探讨丁螺环酮联合氟西汀治疗抑郁症的临床疗效。方法选取本院2014年1月至2017年6月符合ICD-10抑郁症诊断标准的186例抑郁症患者,按不同治疗方案随机分成对照组和观察组2组:对照组为氟西汀+安慰剂组(n=93),观察组为氟西汀+丁螺环酮组(n=93),疗程8w。通过Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD-17项)和不良反应症状量表(TESS)观察治疗前、及治疗后2、4、6、8w 2组患者的临床治疗效果与不良反应。结果 2组患者在治疗前和治疗2w后的HAMD-17项评分相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),然而从第4周开始,2组HAMD-17项评分相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者痊愈率(30.11%vs 16.13%,χ~2=5.112,P=0.024)和总有效率(88.17%vs 73.12%,χ~2=6.751,P=0.009)均显著高于对照组患者。从第4周开始,2组患者TESS评分相比(P0.05)。观察组患者与对照组相比失眠发生率显著降低(12.90%vs 24.73%,χ~2=4.258,P=0.039)。结论丁螺环酮可增强氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效,同时对改善抑郁症睡眠障碍有显著作用。     

米氮平治疗广泛性焦虑症的临床观察

目的探讨米氮平治疗广泛性焦虑症(GAD)的临床疗效及安全性。方法共85例广泛性焦虑症患者入组,米氮平治疗46例,对照观察组39例,共观察8周,使用HAMA判断疗效,并记录不良反应。结果74例完成研究(米氮平41例,对照组33例)。研究终点,米氮平组HAMA减分平均为12.5±5.8,对照组减分平均为7.7±6.5,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.35,P(0.01);米氮平治疗后14天及其后各随访点HAMA减分与观察组比较差异均有统计学意义;米氮平治疗GAD的有效率71%,显著优于观察组(39%)(2χ=7.32,P<0.01);米氮平的主要不良反应为体重增加、食欲增强、嗜睡及头晕。结论米氮平治疗GAD有效,依从性高,不良反应不多见,可作为临床治疗GAD的一种选择。     

强迫症治疗前后的血浆脑源性神经营养因子水平

目的 探讨强迫症患者血浆脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)水平及治疗前后的变化.方法 以40例强迫症患者及38名年龄、性别相匹配的正常对照为研究对象,患者组给予10周的抗强迫治疗.采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Scale,HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)、耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale,Y-BOCS) 评定患者的症状;采用酶联免疫法测定血浆BDNF浓度.结果 患者组治疗前和治疗10周后血浆BDNF浓度分别为(2.12±0.45) ng/mL、(2.18±0.74) ng/mL,均明显低于正常对照组[(4.15±1.83) ng/mL],且差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);患者组治疗前后BDNF浓度的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05));患者组基线时的BDNF水平与Y-BOCS、HAMA及HAMD减分率的相关无统计学意义( P＞0.05).BDNF治疗前后变化值与Y-BOCS、HAMA及HAMD减分率的相关也无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BDNF可能参与了OCD发生,但其与临床疗效的关系有待进一步探讨.     

舍曲林联合小剂量利培酮治疗难治性强迫症临床研究

目的探讨舍曲林联合利培酮治疗难治性强迫症的临床疗效及不良反应。方法选取60例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版（CCMD-3）强迫症诊断标准,且至少服用过2种以上类型不同的抗强迫药物治疗无效的患者,随机分为2组,实验组给予舍曲林合并利培酮治疗,对照组单用舍曲林同时治疗12周。应用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表（Y-BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定心理状态及症状严重程度,采用Y-BOCS量表减分率标准评定疗效,应用副反应量表（TESS）评定治疗过程中的不良反应。结果 2组疗效比较：治疗12周后,实验组总有效率90%,对照组总有效率60%,2组间总有效率比较,χ2=4.2,P〈0.05,提示舍曲林联合利培酮疗效优于单用舍曲林治疗。实验组与对照组量表评分比较显示：实验组在2周末Y-BOCS、HAMA评分与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义,而对照组4周时与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义。2组在4周末、8周末、12周末Y-BOCS、HAMA评分值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。从2组治疗前后自身评分比较看,除对照组在2周末与治疗前评分比较差异无统计学意义外,其余各周评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。实验组与对照组不良反应比较显示：2组乏力困倦、焦虑、恶心、心动过速、便秘的发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。TESS评分比较显示：在治疗第2、4、8、12周末,2组TESS评分经统计学分析,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 舍曲林联合小剂量利培酮与舍曲林单药治疗难治性强迫症比较,疗效更好、起效更快。舍曲林联合小剂量利培酮治疗难治性强迫症同单用舍曲林治疗不良反应相当,均有较好依从性。     

拉莫三嗪与卡马西平治疗三叉神经痛对缓解疼痛及并发症的影响

目的探讨拉莫三嗪与卡马西平治疗三叉神经痛对缓解疼痛程度及并发症的影响。方法选用2011-05—2013-10我院神经科就诊的三叉神经痛患者85例,分为对照组和治疗组,对照组42例采用卡马西平治疗,治疗组43例采用拉莫三嗪治疗,观察2组患者治疗后疼痛(VAS)评分和并发症发生情况。结果对照组有效率78.57%(33例),治疗组有效率88.37%(38例),2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.483,P=0.223);1、2个月后2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.39、3.467,P0.05);对照组不良反应率16.67%(7例),治疗组为13.95%(6例),2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.121,P=0.728)。结论拉莫三嗪对三叉神经痛有很好的缓解作用,且并发症少,可临床推广。     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗。发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高。文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论。     

Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock:review and theories of causation

Injuries from lightning and electrical injuries involve multiple systems of the body, however neurological symptoms are very widely reported. A disabling neuropsychological syndrome is also noted.This paper presents a comprehensive review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. Partial theories of causation for these injuries have been advanced, however, there is no convincing explanation for both delay in onset of symptoms and also the genesis of the neuropsychological syndrome. A theory of causation is proposed which satisfies both these constraints.This theory suggests circulating hormones such as cortisol, together with nitric oxide and oxidant free radicals from glutamatergic hyper-stimulation, act on tissues remote from the injury path including the hippocampus.This theory opens a research path to explore treat-ment options.     

Design and pharmacological activity of glycinamide and N-methoxy amide derivatives of analogs and constitutional isomers of valproic acid

A series of glycinamide conjugates and N-methoxy amide derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) analogs and constitutional isomers were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Of all compounds synthesized and tested, only N-methoxy-valnoctamide (N-methoxy-VCD) possessed better activity than VPA in the following anticonvulsant tests: maximal electroshock, subcutaneous metrazol, and 6-Hz (32-mA) seizure tests. In mice, the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD were 142 mg/kg (maximal electroshock test), 70 mg/kg (subcutaneous metrazol test), and 35 mg/kg (6-Hz test), and its neurotoxicity TD₅₀ was 118 mg/kg. In rats, the ED₅₀ of N-methoxy-VCD in the subcutaneous metrazol test was 36 mg/kg and its protective index (PI = TD₅₀/ED₅₀) was > 5.5. In the rat pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model, N-methoxy-VCD demonstrated full protection at 200 mg/kg, without any neurotoxicity. N-Methoxy-VCD was tested for its ability to induce teratogenicity in a mouse strain susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity and was found to be nonteratogenic, although it caused some resorptions. Nevertheless, a safety margin was still maintained between the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD in the mouse subcutaneous metrazol test and the doses that caused the resorptions. On the basis of these results, N-methoxy-VCD is a good candidate for further evaluation as a new anticonvulsant and central nervous system drug.     

Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Using predetermined criteria for study quality and methods, a literature review and meta-analysis of seven reports about pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) was conducted to determine if there is a consistent picture of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of BPD in children and adolescents. METHODS: Searches were conducted in MedLine and PsycINFO using the terms mania, BPD, children and adolescents, and was limited to published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Seven reports were selected that met the following criteria: a systematic method for the elicitation and reporting of symptoms and clinical characteristics of subjects; subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher or clinician; ages 5-18 years; use of a diagnostic system, either DSM or RDC for categorization; a consensus method for the establishment of the diagnosis of BPD. RESULTS: Most DSM-IV symptoms of mania were common in the children and adolescents with BPD with the most common symptoms being increased energy, distractibility, and pressured speech. On average, four of five bipolar cases also showed threshold levels of irritable mood and grandiosity, and more than 70% of all cases showed elated/euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, or racing thoughts. Roughly 69% of cases also showed poor judgment, whereas only half of bipolar cases demonstrated flight of ideas, and slightly more than one-third showed hypersexuality or psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture that emerges is that of children or adolescents with periods of increased energy (mania or hypomania), accompanied by distractibility, pressured speech, irritability, grandiosity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep and euphoria/elation.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.