下肢痉挛偏瘫患者的步行效率

目的：探索下肢痉挛偏瘫患者步行效率，明确是否存在理想运动频率下能量应用效率最高的运动状态。 方法：南京医科大学第一附属医院康复病区2005/2006住院的脑损伤后偏瘫男性患者10例，其中脑损伤4例、脑卒中后6例，均有典型偏瘫下肢伸肌痉挛模式，均具备步行200 m的能力。患者平均年龄(43.6±13.7)岁，平均身高(1.69±0.04) m，平均体质量(70.5±9.5) kg。采用三维步态分析系统进行步态分析获得所需要的时间-空间参数步态参数，分别测定自由行走时、80%自然正常步频以及120%自然正常步频下的步行效率和步态指标，然后采用K4b2便携式气体分析系统来测定氧价以评定受试者步行效率。 结果：作为肌肉痉挛模型的偏瘫患者自然步频、慢速与快速步频分别为(88.9±15.7)，(71.9±12.8)和(106.1±19.0)步/min；步速分别为(33.7±9.5)，(25.4±4.9)和(37.5±10.9) m/min，慢速与快速步频组分别与自然步频组的两两比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)；3组耗氧量分别为(9.3±1.1)，(9.2±1.1)和(9.7±1.0) mL/(min•kg)；氧价分别为(0.283±0.087)，(0.350±0.081)和(0.301±0.082) mL/(min•kg)。快慢步频组与自然步频组的耗氧量与氧价两两比较均未出现显著增加(P>0.05)。 结论：早中期偏瘫患者自然步态下耗氧量与氧价与慢速、快速步频的比较未出现显著性改变，提示仅仅短期的康复训练步行效率不能达到最理想的生物谐振状态。     

女性静息能量消耗与肥胖相关指标相关性的研究

目的：分析女性静息能量消耗与肥胖相关指标的关系,比较肥胖女性与正常体质量女性静息能量消耗、公斤体质量静息能量消耗的差异。 方法：选择2004/2008在北京妇产医院内分泌科就诊或体检的健康女性565例,对其进行身高、体质量测量,使用人体代谢仪测定静息能量消耗,计算体表面积、体质量指数、公斤体质量静息能量消耗,按体质量指数肥胖诊断标准,分为两组：肥胖组女性179例,正常体质量女性240例,对其测量结果进行正态性检验、相关性分析和两独立样本秩和检验或t检验。 结果：565例健康女性静息能量消耗为正态性资料,测量值为(5.793±0.940) kJ/d,静息能量消耗与体质量、身高、体质量指数、体表面积呈正相关关系(P < 0.05),与年龄无明显相关性(P > 0.05),肥胖组与正常体质量组年龄、身高之间的差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),静息能量消耗、公斤体质量静息能量消耗差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。 结论：女性静息能量消耗与其身高、体质量、体质量指数、体表面积存在正相关关系,以体质量指数诊断的肥胖女性静息能量消耗高于正常体质量女性,公斤体质量静息能量消耗肥胖组小于正常体质量组。     

健康成人公式预测法与间接测热法测定静息能量消耗的差异★

背景：间接测热法为临床上测定静息能量消耗的“金标准”，由于缺乏设备，常常需要选择预测公式计算静息能量消耗，哪个预测公式的计算值最接近间接测热法尚无定论。而在使用预测公式的时候，到底用标准体质量还是实际体质量一直是营养学界争论的热点。 目的：探讨预测公式计算的静息能量消耗的准确性和间接测热法的意义及标准体质量的应用是否可以增加预测公式的准确性。 方法：选择27名健康成人(男13名，女14名)为研究对象，于早晨8:30~11:00之间，用ultima PFX代谢车测定其静息能量消耗。用Broca公式和Broca改良公式分别计算男女受试者的标准体质量，并将标准体质量和实际体质量带入Harris-Benedict(H-B)，Schofield，WHO，Owen，Mifflin和Liu氏等能量消耗预测公式，计算静息能量消耗。比较预测静息能量消耗与测定静息能量消耗之间的差异。 结果与结论：在男性受试者中，所有公式(标准体质量和实际体质量)计算的静息能量消耗和测定静息能量消耗间的差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。而女性受试者中，用Liu氏和Owen公式计算的静息能量消耗低于测定静息能量消耗(P < 0.05)；同时用标准体质量计算的静息能量消耗较用实际体质量计算的高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)，但相对于测定静息能量消耗，两种方法的准确率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；各种预测公式中H-B、WHO和Schofield的准确率较高，可达62.96%。所以不建议使用预测公式计算个体静息能量消耗，但在不能使用间接测热法时，应用H-B、WHO和Schofield公式较准确。 关键词：静息能量消耗；间接测热法；能量预测公式；标准体质量；健康人     

上肢再植过程中应用罗哌卡因微量泵持续输注硬膜外麻醉的评价

背景：不同麻醉和镇痛方法应用于上肢再植术各有优缺点,麻醉效果、生理功能的干扰和对疾病转归的影响是主要评价指标。 目的：探讨微量泵持续输注低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉用于上肢(掌、指)再植术的临床效果及安全性。 设计、时间及地点：自身前后对照观察,于2006-06/2008-06在石河子大学医学院第一附属医院麻醉科完成。 对象：石河子大学医学院第一附属医院27例行急诊断肢(掌、指)再植手术的患者27例,男19例,女8例;年龄26~53岁,均符合美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级标准Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,且对麻醉和术后镇痛方法知情同意。药物配方：10 g/L罗哌卡因20 mL+生理盐水40 mL,即得3.3 g/L罗哌卡因麻醉药液60 mL。 方法：全组采用颈部硬膜外麻醉。先同时按压∑键和FAST键快速输注8.0~10.0 mL,继而设定5~7 mL/h的速度恒速输注。每隔5 min以针刺法测定麻醉平面,直至达到手术要求开始手术。术中每隔1.0~2.0 h,静脉注射咪唑安定1.0~2.0 mg清醒镇静。术毕更换2 g/L罗哌卡因镇痛液, 4~6 mL/h速度持续输注术后镇痛两三天。 主要观察指标：术中监测心电图、血压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏氧饱和度,并记录麻醉起效时间、镇痛效果、麻醉平面和运动神经阻滞程度;术后镇痛评分、48 h血压下降、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等不良事件发生率。 结果：27例患者全部进入结果分析。①27例患者均取得满意麻醉效果;目测类比评分0分88.9%,1分7.4%,2分3.7%;麻醉起效时间(15.2±4.3) min;运动神经阻滞轻微,能配合手术要求,术中安静不动。②血压、心率持续输注期间波动轻微;脉搏氧饱和度(98±2)%,高于术前。呼吸频率(16.5±3.6)次/min,较术前缓慢。③术后镇痛效果满意率92.6%。 结论：①微量泵持续输注3.3 g/L罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉可以安全用于上肢(掌、指)再植术,麻醉效果满意,特别适用于手术时间冗长的复杂再植术。②2 g/L罗哌卡因持续输注便于术后镇痛,镇痛效果确切,不良事件发生率低。     

胰岛素抵抗伴代偿性高胰岛素血症与脑卒中的临床研究

<正> 资料与方法 1.研究对象:①病例组:脑卒中患者52例,为2002年2月～11月我院的住院病人。其中动脉硬化性脑梗死23例,男性12例,女性11例,平均年龄65.21±9.55岁;腔隙性脑梗死19例,男性11例,女性8例,平均年龄62.25±8.29岁。脑出血10例,男性5例,女性5例,平均年龄61.76±6.81岁。诊断依据1995年全国第四届脑血管病学术会议通过的诊断及分类标准,并经颅脑CT及/或MR证实。②对照组18例,选自同期的我院门诊查体者,男性10例,女性8例,平均年龄63.06±5.37岁。③排除标准:糖尿病、肥胖、严重的心脏疾患及肝肾功能异常者。 2.方法:病例组于发病2周后取血。抽取受检查者清晨空腹肘静脉血6ml,送我院检验科测定空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素浓度(FINS)、总胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。记录身高、体重,用体重/身高~2(kg/m~2)计算体重指数BMI,以     

男性首次发病精神分裂症患者治疗前后额叶的质子波谱研究

目的在体研究精神分裂症症状发生的神经生物学基础,探讨抗精神病药对额叶代谢物质的潜在影响。方法应用磁共振质子波谱(MRS)技术对10例男性首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)和10名男性正常对照者(对照组)检测额叶氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(CHO)、肌酸(Cr)。患者组入组后均予以第二代抗精神病药治疗,治疗第2个月时复查额叶~1H-MRS。每次~1H-MRS检查的同时,患者组各接受1次阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定、威斯康星卡片分类测试(WCST)评定。对照组仅进行1次WCST评定。结果多因素方差分析表明,治疗前患者组左、右侧额叶灰白质NAA/Cr均低于对照组[左侧白质：患者组1.87±0.30；对照组2.13±0.43。左侧灰质：患者组1.44±0.20；对照组1.67±0.32。右侧白质：患者组1.60±0.28；对照组2.09±0.41。右侧灰质：患者组1.35±0.25；对照组1.56±0.30],差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。患者组治疗前后NAA/Cr、CHO/Cr的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者可能存在额叶神经元的损害。第二代抗精神病药短期治疗对精神分裂症患者额叶~1H-MRS代谢物水平无明显影响。     

亚甲蓝/光化学法灭活病毒对血浆成分的影响

背景：对血液进行病毒灭活是保障安全输血的措施之一,亚甲蓝/光化学法灭活人血浆中病毒的效果已被证实,但其对血浆成分影响的报道很少。 目的：观察亚甲蓝光化学法病毒灭活血浆对血液成分结构和功能的影响。 方法：随机选择40份采血后6 h内400 mL全血制备的新鲜血浆称质量留样,然后与亚甲蓝病毒灭活过滤器无菌连接,亚甲蓝的终浓度在0.9~1.3 μmol/L。将加入亚甲蓝的血浆置入4 ℃病毒灭活箱的搁架上,摆动频率60次/min,利用32 000~ 38 000Lx光照强度的可见光4 ℃照射35 min,将光照后的血浆通过病毒灭活过滤器滤除亚甲蓝和残余白细胞,混匀后留样10 mL,立即置于-80 ℃冰箱冻存。检测照射前后样品的血浆量、亚甲蓝浓度、FⅧ∶C、FⅤ∶C、VWF、Fib含量的变化。 结果与结论：血浆病毒灭活后血浆容量、FⅧ∶C、FⅤ∶C、VWF、Fib的回收率分别为(96.39±1.73)%、(82.55±9.25)%、(81.03±15.27)%、(93.25±6.17)%、(81.61±14.25)%。亚甲蓝光化学法灭活血浆病毒对血浆中大多数成分的影响不明显,可以满足临床安全输血的需求。     

多发性硬化患者血清、脑脊液IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平变化

目的 观察多发性硬化(MS)患者血清、脑脊液(CSF)中可溶性细胞间黏附分子(cICAM-1) 、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的水平,以及经白细胞介素-12(IL-12)刺激后上述因子水平的变化.方法 采用ELISA法检测MS及其他疾病组(OND)患者血清、CSF中TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平并观察IL-12刺激前后TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平变化.结果 MS组CSF及血清中TNF-α水平[(313.8±65.5)pg/mL,(127.9±57.3)pg/mL]较OND组[(21.9±3.3)pg/mL,(30.8±10.1)pg/mL]高,差异有统计学意义(分别为P＜0.01, P＜0.05);MS组CSF及血清中IFN-γ水平[(231.4±57.3)pg/mL,(189.4±69.3)pg/mL]均较OND组[(87.4±21.3)pg/mL,(98.4±23.2)pg/mL]高,差异有统计学意义(分别为P＜0.01, P＜0.05);MS组血清中cICAM-1水平[(105.9±56.2)U/mL]明显高于OND组[(50.9±20.3)U/mL],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经IL-12刺激后MS组上清液中TNF-α[(252.8±69.7)pg/mL]、IFN-γ[(459.8±69.3)pg/mL]及cICAM-1[(207.6±75.4)U/mL]水平较OND组[(132.4±46.3)pg/mL,(221.8±55.6)pg/mL,(87.5±44.2)U/mL]明显增高,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1在MS发病机制中起一定作用,IL-12、IFN-γ及cICAM-1间可能存在协同作用.     

舟骨-大-小多角骨新型融合器的稳定性*

背景：传统的舟骨-大-小多角骨局限性腕关节融合方法包括克氏针、U形钉、AO/ASIF钢板等,术后均需长时间的石膏外固定。而美国设计的新型融合器主要应用于欧美人,并不适合于亚洲人种。 目的：模拟舟骨-大-小多角骨局限性腕关节融合,测试课题组根据中国人舟骨-大-小多角骨背侧关节凹陷的解剖形态研发出的新型融合体的稳定性。 设计、时间及地点：观察性实验,于2006-04/2007-03在南通大学骨科生物力学实验室完成。 材料：40具未经防腐处理的新鲜尸体前臂标本,X射线平片证实无腕关节病变或排列异常。 方法：所有标本均模拟舟月骨分离的腕关节不稳定模型,并行新型融合器融合,再模拟屈50°、伸35°、尺偏30°、桡偏10°各50 000次极限运动。所有标本均于运动前后行CT扫描、三维重建。 主要观察指标：测量桡舟角、桡舟间距、舟骨长度、大-小多角骨宽度及大-小多角骨倾斜角运动前后的变化。 结果：运动前桡舟角、桡舟间距、舟骨长度、大-小多角骨宽度及大-小多角骨倾斜角分别为(38.725±2.230)°,(18.988±1.216)mm,(1.686±0.191)cm,(27.360±1.571)mm,(114.975±2.293)°;运动后以上指标分别为：(38.800±2.388)°,(19.215±1.443)mm,(1.683±0.209)cm,(27.718±1.910)mm,(115.300±3.023)°。运动前后相比,所有指标的变化差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。 结论：应用新型融合器行舟骨-大-小多角骨局限性腕关节融合后,舟骨-大-小多角骨融合体稳定性可靠,腕关节可在背伸35°、掌屈50°、桡偏10°、尺偏30°范围内进行早期功能锻炼。     

白细胞介素-2及其受体在癫痫患者发作中的变化和对癫痫大鼠的致惊作用

目的探讨白细胞介素-2(interluekin-2, IL-2)及其可溶性受体在癫痫患者发作中的变化和对癫痫大鼠的致惊作用.方法采用ELISA方法检测58例癫痫患儿和23例健康儿血清IL-2及其可溶性受体的浓度,并进行分组比较;观察侧脑室注射IL-2对遗传性癫痫易感大鼠(P77PMC)惊厥发作的影响.结果癫痫组血清IL-2及其可溶性受体浓度[(25.86±5.21) ng/mL和(758.26±78.49) U/mL ]明显高于对照组[(13.78±3.24) ng/mL和(325.67±34.58) U/mL](P<0.01),且发作期[(30.31±6.77) ng/mL和(806.25±112.35) U/mL]高于间歇期[(20.27±4.66) ng/mL和(584.15±57.85) U/mL ](P<0.01),脑电图异常者[(27.18±4.35) ng/mL和(724.48±78.56) U/mL]高于正常者[(20.04±3.55) ng/mL和(621.85±77.45) U/mL],但与发作类型、病程长短及经治疗与否无关;侧脑室注射IL-2(5 000 U/L)5～10 μL后大鼠惊厥评分从26升高到36(P<0.05),惊厥持续时间从32 s延长到65 s(P<0.01),但对潜伏期无影响.结论 IL-2在癫痫患者处于高水平状态,直接侧脑室注射IL-2可加重大鼠惊厥程度,提示其参与癫痫发病过程.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.