两种椎间融合手术对腰椎退变性疾病术后神经功能恢复的影响

目的探讨椎间孔入路腰椎融合术(TLIF)与后路椎间融合术(PLIF)在腰椎退行性疾病治疗中对患者术后神经功能恢复的影响。方法 224例腰椎退行性疾病患者根据手术方式分为TLIF组(n=98)及PLIF组(n=126),对比2组临床效果、术后神经功能损伤及术后3个月时神经功能JOA评分。结果 2组有效率(TLIF组90.8%,PLIF组89.7%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);TLIF组术后神经根损伤发生率5.1%,显著低于PLIF组的19.8%(P0.01);2组术前JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后均显著增高(P0.01),术后1周TLIF组显著高于PLIF组(P0.01),术后3个月2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TLIF与PLIF在腰椎退行性疾病的外科治疗中均具有良好效果,虽然手术方式不同,但术后远期神经功能恢复情况并无明显区别,应密切结合病人的病情选择合适的手术方式。     

单枚融合器行经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合的解剖学观测

背景：有部分学者认为,与经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合技术相关的手术器械是按照西方人体格设计,和国人体格存在一定的差异,甚至融合物难以置入,所以探讨相关的解剖技术就显得很有必要。 目的：测量腰椎椎间孔及与经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合相关的解剖参数。 方法：对14具正常成人尸体脊柱腰段椎间孔宽度、长度、高度进行了观测;对腰椎各结构与后正中矢状面的距离进行了观测。 结果与结论： 结果表明腰段(L1~ L5)椎间孔宽度逐渐变小;L1 ~ L4椎间孔高度逐渐增大,L5略小于L4,L1 ~ L5高度均明显大于其宽度(P < 0.01);L1 ~ L5椎间孔长度逐渐增大(P < 0.05)。L1至L5 椎板峡部宽、下关节突最外侧缘至后正中矢状面距离逐渐增大,其性别间、左右间差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明国人经椎间孔入路能满足高度9~14 mm单枚椎间融合器斜向置入,单枚椎间融合器置入不会因牵拉硬膜囊和神经根而导致脊髓与神经根损伤。     

微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术联合经皮螺钉内固定融合术治疗退行性腰椎滑脱

目的探讨微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(MIS-TLIF)联合经皮螺钉内固定融合术治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的临床疗效。方法采用MIS-TLIF联合经皮螺钉内固定融合术共治疗32例退行性腰椎滑脱患者,比较术前和术后1周、3个月、末次随访时视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和36条简明健康状况调查表(SF-36)评分,以及X线测量腰椎前凸角、冠状位Cobb角、冠状位和矢状位躯干偏移、腰椎滑脱程度(Meyerding分度)并计算滑脱率,X线或CT判断椎体融合率,MRI评价减压程度。结果 32例患者平均手术时间160 min,术中出血量120 ml,住院时间7.22 d,术后随访10.83个月。手术融合41个椎体节段,范围覆盖L2~S1节段。与术前相比,术后1周、3个月和末次随访时VAS(均P=0.000)和ODI(均P=0.000)评分增加,SF-36评分减少(P=0.002,0.000,0.000),腰椎前凸角(均P=0.000)、冠状位Cobb角(均P=0.000)和滑脱率(均P=0.000)均减小。至末次随访时,ODI改善率为(80.51±6.02)%,椎体融合率达92.22%且螺钉位置均良好。32例患者中1例术后感染、2例脑脊液漏,经对症治疗均痊愈;无一例发生神经功能缺损等严重并发症、内固定失败、椎弓根螺钉和钛棒断裂或Cage移位,无一例死亡。结论 MIS-TLIF联合经皮螺钉内固定融合术创伤小、术中出血量少、并发症轻微、复位效果好、疗效确切,尽管存在手术时间较长、学习曲线较长、术中X线照射量较大等缺点,但仍是治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的有效方法。     

经椎板间人路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效分析

目的 探讨经椎板间人路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.方法 采用经椎板间入路椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗54例腰椎间盘突出症患者(L4-5椎间盘突出13例、L5-S1椎间盘突出41例),分别于术前和术后1d、3个月、1年时采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价手术前后疼痛改善情况,复查腰椎MRI评价髓核摘除情况和有无复发.结果 54例患者手术成功率为96.30％(52/54),其中2例术中出现硬脊膜破裂,改为手术显微镜下椎板开窗、髓核摘除术.平均手术时间58.35 min,中位住院时间3d.出院时52例疼痛消失、2例疼痛减轻,其中5例患侧小腿外侧麻木感加重.与术前相比,术后1d、3个月和1年时VAS和ODI评分均减少(均P=0.000).术后复查腰椎MRI显示髓核摘除满意,神经根压迫解除,亦未见复发.无一例发生感染等手术相关并发症,1例L5-S1椎间盘突出患者因髓核脱出椎管内游离较远,术中对神经根牵拉较重,术后出现S1神经根分布区麻木,术后1个月缓解.结论 经椎板间入路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症临床疗效满意、安全性良好.     

两种不同材料椎间融合器治疗腰椎不稳症的应用比较*

背景：碳纤维箱型和钛合金螺纹状椎间融合器是两种材料及形状均不同的椎间融合器,均取得了良好的临床效果。 目的： 应用碳纤维箱型及钛合金螺纹状Cage联合椎弓根内固定系统治疗腰椎不稳症,比较影像学变化及临床症状改善情况。 方法：对59例行后路短节段椎弓根钉系统复位与内固定单节段腰椎不稳症患者进行随访,其中实施碳纤维楔型椎间融合器37例,钛合金螺纹状椎间融合器22例。用M-JOA评分的症状改善率评价患者治疗效果;术前、术后1周及1年摄X射线片及CT,观察椎体间高度、融合节段前凸弧度及植骨融合情况。 结果与结论：术后1周,碳纤维箱型Cage组术后的椎体间高度及腰椎前凸弧度的恢复值与钛合金螺纹状Cage组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);术后1年,碳纤维箱型Cage组椎体间高度及腰椎前凸弧度的恢复值高于钛合金螺纹状Cage组(P < 0.01)。两组患者术后1年均获得骨性融合,临床症状缓解良好,下腰痛症状改善率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明,应用碳纤维箱型Cage与钛合金螺纹状Cage行椎间融合联合椎弓根内固定系统治疗腰椎不稳症,二者在缓解下腰部疼痛及植骨融合方面效果显著,但碳纤维箱型Cage行椎间融合联合椎弓根内固定系统行后路腰椎融合术可以维持较好的椎体间高度及腰椎前凸弧度。 关键词：椎间融合术;椎间融合器;腰椎不稳症;内固定系统;碳纤维箱型Cage;钛合金螺纹状Cage     

经皮椎间孔成形术治疗L_5～S_1神经根管狭窄症的安全性和有效性

目的分析L5~S1神经根管狭窄症患者应用经皮椎间孔成形术治疗的临床价值。方法按照随机数字表法将76例L5~S1神经根管狭窄症患者随机分为2组,以接受传统手术治疗者为常规组,以接受经皮椎间孔成形术者为观察组,每组38例。对比2组手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间;同时对2组治疗前后手术切口视觉疼痛评分(VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)改善情况进行对比。结果观察组手术时间与常规组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但术中出血量及住院时间均明显低于常规组(P0.05)。同时2组术前VAS评分及各项ODI评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),术后6个月后观察组VAS评分及各项ODI评分改善较常规组更明显(P0.05)。且2组手术相关并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮椎间孔成形术治疗L5~S1神经根管狭窄症可有效改善患者临床效果。     

可膨胀椎间融合器治疗腰椎退变性疾病30例回顾性分析☆

摘要：回顾性分析2005-08/2008-02北京大学第一医院骨科收治的应用可膨胀椎间融合器(B-Twin)行后路开放腰椎椎间融合治疗30例,男14例,女16例;年龄28~72岁;椎间融合节段L1/2 1例,L2/3 1例,L3/4 1例,L4/5 14例,L5/S1 13例。单独应用B-Twin 8例(单枚1例,双枚7例),结合椎弓根螺钉22例(单枚17例,双枚5例);直径9.5/ 11.0 mm 28例,直径11.5/13.0 mm 2例。术前、术后及随访时采用JOA评分(29分法)、Oswestry功能障碍指数评分评价患者生活质量改善情况,通过腰椎X射线平片评价融合间隙高度变化及腰椎滑脱纠正情况。30例患者中28例获得随访,平均随访9个月。Oswestry功能障碍指数术后优良率97%,随访优良率100%。JOA评分术后优良率93%,随访优良率96%。融合间隙高度术前占上位椎体的0.29±0.09,术后占上位椎体的0.44±0.09,随访时占上位椎体的0.42±0.09。腰椎滑脱患者中,术前滑脱占上位椎体高度的10%~60%;术后滑脱占上位椎体高度的0%~40%;随访滑脱占上位椎体高度的0%~30%。无神经损伤、感染患者。减压过程中因粘连硬膜撕裂1例,术后融合器陷入终板1例,随访时融合器碎裂1例。提示可膨胀椎间融合器有手术时间短、 创伤小、对神经刺激少等优点,术后及随访效果满意。需注意根据术前及术中测得椎间高度选择匹配的融合器型号;如放置单枚椎间融合器偏椎间隙一侧有碎裂可能,为防止碎裂应充分植骨,并可应用2枚椎间融合器。     

腰椎间孔入路腰椎体间植骨融合结合椎弓根螺钉置入内固定：能提高退行性病变腰椎的稳定性与植骨融合率吗？

背景：腰椎融合已广泛应用于治疗各种腰椎退行性疾病,然而传统的经后方或后外侧入路融合率较低,并发症较多,影响相邻脊柱节段的稳定性,破坏了脊柱的机械载荷分布。 目的：探讨经腰椎间孔入路行腰椎体间植骨融合结合椎弓根螺钉置入内固定治疗腰椎退行性疾病的临床效果。 方法：68例腰椎退行性疾病患者行腰椎间孔入路腰椎体间植骨融合结合短节段椎弓根螺钉置入内固定,其中峡部裂型腰椎滑脱24例、退变性腰椎滑脱16例、退变性腰椎管狭窄18例和退变性腰椎间盘疾病10例。 结果与结论：所有患者无神经损伤、椎间隙感染和脑脊液漏等并发症,一期愈合。均获得随访,平均随访29个月(10~60个月)。所有病例未发生内置物断裂、松动移位和椎间隙高度丧失等并发症,骨融合率为91%。依据日本JOA疗效评定标准,优35例,良26例,可5例,差2例,总优良率为90%。结果说明基于椎弓根置入内固定的椎间孔入路腰椎体间植骨融合可有效治疗腰椎退行性疾病,近期随访结果满意。 关键词：经腰椎间孔入路;椎间融合;椎弓根固定;腰椎退行性疾病;硬组织植入物     

椎间孔镜下关节突可视化成型技术和显微镜微创通道技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效对比

目的 比较椎间孔镜下关节突可视化成型技术(VPTED)和显微镜微创通道技术(MITM)治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析山西医科大学第一医院神经外科2019年10月1日—2021年10月31日期间收治的64例行手术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料,其中采用VPTED治疗30例,采用MITM治疗34例。比较两组手术时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用及术后并发症、采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry残障指数(ODI)评价手术疗效并进行统计学分析。结果 VPTED组相比于MITM组,手术总时间及术后住院时间更短[(80.4±19.5)min/(111.5±25.2)min(P<0.05),(2.5±1.3)d/(4.2±2.3)d](P<0.05)。两组住院总费用相近,差异无统计学意义。两组术后各时间点VAS评分及ODI评分较术前均有下降(P<0.01);两组间术后各时间点VAS评分及ODI评分随访结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MITM组患者术后复发1例,两组患者各有1例术后切口愈合不良。结论 椎间孔镜下关节突可视化成型技...     

椎板间入路经皮完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的评价经椎板间入路的完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法回顾性分析60例应用经椎板间入路完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的病例资料。病人术前均符合单节段腰椎间盘突出症诊断。记录术前、术后3d、3个月和6个月腿痛VAS和腰椎JOA评分,手术时间、术中及术后并发症。结果60例病人均顺利完成手术,术中出血量少,无任何并发症。平均手术时间65min;平均住院时间4d,切口均一期愈合。术后随访：1例k;病人手术后2个月复发,其他59例病人腿痛VAS和腰椎JOA评分术后3d、3个月、6个月各个随访时间点与术前比较,均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,术后3个月与6个月间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论椎板间入路完全内镜手术治疗下腰椎椎间盘突出症具有微创、术后恢复快等特点,可获得良好临床疗效。     

侧脑室穿刺联合腰大池置管脑脊液双向引流术治疗重症蛛网膜下腔出血的临床研究

目的研究贾氏微创法侧脑室穿刺联合腰大池置管脑脊液双向持续外引流术治疗重症蛛网膜下腔出血的疗效。方法对32例重症蛛网膜下腔出血患者在常规治疗的基础上行贾氏微创法侧脑室穿刺及腰大池置管脑脊液双向持续外引流术,观察治疗结果。结果此方法能明显提高重症蛛网膜下腔出血的存活率、复醒率,减少脑血管痉挛、脑积水等并发症的发生率等。结论该法简单易行,疗效确切,安全可靠,值得在临床上推广。     

密闭式腰池循环引流置换脑脊液治疗重度蛛网膜下腔出血的临床研究

目的探讨研究密闭式腰池循环引流与置换脑脊液（CSF）治疗重度蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的临床价值。方法将298例重度SAH患者随机（投掷硬币法）分为治疗组（采用腰池置管密闭式循环引流置换CSF治疗,146例）和对照组（采用间断腰穿CSF置换治疗,152例）。分析比较两组病例的疗效。结果治疗组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分（NIHSS）为（6．34±5．15）分、Barthel日常生活活动（ADL）指数评分（91．39±15．32）分、GCS（13．98±1．04）分;对照组NIHSS（15．91±7．26）分、ADL指数评分（53．86±13．39）分、GCS（10．05＋1．46）分;两组均差异明显（P〈0．01）。治疗组患者头痛持续时间（6＋2．63）d、SAH廓清时间（4±1．7）d、住院（23±3．1）d。并发症的发生率35．62％、死亡率13．01％,均分别低于对照组的（15±1．72）d、（11±2．6）d、（39±3．7）d、55．92％和25．66％（P〈0．05）。结论腰池置管密闭式循环引流与置换cs术治疗重度SAH简便易行、经济安全、疗效确切。     

Giant intradural cervical spine arteriovenous malformations – A case and review of literature

Introduction

Spinal arteriovenous malformations (SAVMs) are very rare and can be very challenging to treat since none of the therapeutic options does provide a definitive cure to these lesions. We believe that incorporation of intraoperative angiography during surgery in a hybrid theatre can help achieve a better cure.

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.