事件相关电位对帕金森痴呆的早期诊断意义

目的：探讨事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）在帕金森病（ＰＤ）痴呆中的诊断价值。方法：对２１例ＰＤ患者进行ＥＲＰ检测及长谷川智能量表（ＨＤＳ）检查。结果：ＰＤ组Ｎ２、Ｐ３潜伏期比对照组显著延长，ＰＤ患者ＥＲＰ阳性率为６２％，ＨＤＳ为３８％。结论：ＥＲＰ检测结果敏感，对帕金森痴呆的诊断、尤其是早期诊断有重要意义 。     

尼莫通治疗脑梗塞的事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨事件相关电位（ＥＲＰｓ）用于药物疗效的评价。方法：本文研究了４７例正常对照及４２例多发性脑梗塞患者的ＥＲＰｓ，发现病例组７３．８％的Ｐ３，５９．５％的Ｎ２潜伏期延长，６１．９％Ｐ３波幅降低。病例组随机分为一般治疗组及尼莫通治疗组，治疗前后分别作ＥＲＰｓ检验。结果：尼莫通治疗组与一般治疗组都能使Ｐ３潜伏期缩短，但尼莫通治疗组优于一般治疗组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＥＲＰｓ能较客观地评价药物疗效。     

事件相关电位在儿童注意力缺陷多动综合征中的应用研究

目的为了揭示注意力缺陷多动综合征（ＡＤＨＤ）患儿的认知能力，量化注意力缺陷的程度及探讨它们之间的关系。方法本文对４０例ＡＤＨＤ和２０例正常对照儿童进行了事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）Ｐ３波的检测，同时用注意力缺陷测试仪进行评分。结果ＡＤＨＤ患儿Ｐ３波波幅显著下降、潜伏期明显延长（Ｐ＜００１）。注意力缺陷评分重度组较轻度组Ｐ３波波幅低，潜伏期长（Ｐ＜００５）。结论提示ＡＤＨＤ患儿存在一定程度认知功能障碍，并随注意力缺陷程度的增大而加重。     

多发性脑梗塞患者智能障碍初步研究

目的 探讨影响多发性脑梗塞患者智能障碍的因素。方法 采用ＭＭＳＥ和ＨＡＭＤ对７８例ＣＴ证实多发性脑梗塞患者进行智能和抑郁状态评定。将痴呆组（２４例）和非痴呆组（５４例）ＣＴ表现作比较,伴有抑郁的脑梗塞患者同不伴有抑郁的脑梗塞患者ＭＭＳＥ结果作比较。结果 痴呆组梗塞总容积明显大于非痴呆组,且优势半球梗塞发生率高,伴有抑郁的脑梗塞患者ＭＭＳＥ结果明显氏于不伴有抑郁的脑梗塞患者。结论 多发性脑梗塞患者智     

脑梗塞患者血浆中内皮素和P物质的含量变化及临床意义

应用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）动态观察３０例脑梗塞患者血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）、Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）含量，其结果表明：（１）急性期血浆ＥＴ－１、ＳＰ含量显著高于对照组。（２）急性期血浆ＥＴ－１含量显著高于恢复期，ＳＰ含量显著低于恢复期。（３）急性期血浆ＥＴ－１含量与ＳＰ含量呈正相关。结果提示ＥＴ－１、ＳＰ共同参与和影响脑梗塞的病理生理过程，血浆ＥＴ－１、ＳＰ含量的增高在一定程度上反映了脑梗塞的严重程度。     

短暂性脑缺血发作认知功能与事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）病人事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的变化规律及其临床意义。方法：用听觉Ｏｄｄｂａｌｌ刺激序列ＥＲＰ、认知能力筛选试验（ＣＣＳＥ）和简易智力状态试验（ＭＭＳＥ）检测３２例ＴＩＡ病人和３０例年龄、性别、利手和教育程序相匹配的正常人。结果：病人组ＥＲＰ的Ｎ２和Ｐ３峰潜伏期较对照组显著延长，Ｎ２和Ｐ３波幅组均无显著差异、Ｐ３峰潜伏期（Ｐ３ＰＬ）异常率为２５％。病人组ＭＭＳＥ较对     

脑梗塞患者血浆和脑脊液中内皮素—1,降钙素基因相关肽含量…

用放免法检测４０例脑梗塞患者脑脊液和不同病期血浆中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的含量并与对照组比较。结果：脑梗塞患者脑脊液中ＥＴ－１含量无明显改变（Ｐ〉０．０５），ＣＧＲＰ含量显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。发病２周内血浆ＥＴ－１含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），而发病４周内ＣＧＲＰ值却显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。患者是否伴高血压、神经功能缺损轻重、梗塞灶大小对血浆ＥＴ－１     

抗胆碱治疗对帕金森病病人认知功能的影响

目的探讨抗胆碱治疗对帕金森病（ＰＤ）认知功能的影响。方法检测１５例ＰＤ病人在用安坦时及停用安坦后的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰｓ）和修订成人韦氏智力量表结果。结果发现停药后测得言语智商、作业智商、总智商值与用药时比较均明显升高，有非常显著的差异。停药后靶与非靶刺激ＥＲＰｓ各波潜伏期及波幅与用药时比较仅Ｐ３潜伏期缩短，有显著差异，用安坦时及停用后Ｐ３潜伏期与总智商之间均无相关关系。结论抗胆碱治疗对ＰＤ病人认知功能有损害，但这种损害是可逆的     

血管性痴呆和脑梗塞患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性的分析比较

目的探讨ＡＰＯＥ多态性与血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）和脑梗塞（ＣＩ）的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术分析２０例ＶＤ、２４例ＣＩ及２４例健康老年人的ＡＰＯＥ基因型。结果ＶＤ和ＣＩ患者ε３频率均降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ε４频率均升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），而两组患者间各等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；且ε４与血清ＡＰＯＥ、ＡＰＯＢ、ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ正相关，与ＡＰＯＡ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ负相关。结论ＡＰＯＥ多态性与ＶＤ和ＣＩ的发病机制有关，其在这两种疾病中的作用可能相似。     

胰岛素抵抗与脑梗塞关系的研究

检测６１例高血压并脑梗塞、２９例单纯脑梗塞患者和２０名正常人的血糖（ＢＳ）、血浆胰岛素和促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ），计算胰岛素敏感性指数，并与神经功能缺损评分和脑梗塞面积进行直线相关分析。结果：两组脑梗塞患者血浆胰岛素显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；胰岛素敏感性指数降低，与对照组比较均Ｐ＜０．０１。而ＢＳ、ＡＣＴＨ与对照组比较无显著差异。胰岛素敏感指数与神经功能缺损评分和梗塞面积呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７１和－０．６４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。复查时血浆胰岛素水平虽有降低，但仍高于对照组。提示脑梗塞患者存在胰岛素抵抗，并可能为脑梗塞的一个独立危险因素     

Actively and passively evoked P3 latency of event-related potentials in Parkinson's disease.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) generated during the performance of visual discrimination tasks were studied in 31 patients with Parkinson's disease, 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease, and 37 normal control subjects. Actively and passively evoked P3 components (P3b and P3a) were respectively identified as the components of the P3 response to infrequent target stimuli and infrequent non-target stimuli. Both the P3a and P3b latencies were significantly prolonged by normal aging. Nine of the Parkinson's disease patients showed a P3b latency above the 95% confidence limit of the age-adjusted regression line based on the normal controls, while only on patient had a prolonged P3a latency. In 6 patients with demented Parkinson's disease, the P3b latency was significantly longer than in 15 age-equivalent normal subjects, although no significant difference was found in the P3a latency. On the other hand, patients with Alzheimer's disease showed significant prolongation of both the P3a and P3b latencies compared to the normal controls. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in P3a latency between patients with demented Parkinson's disease and those with Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that the automatic processing stage associated with P3a may be less impaired than the attention-controlled processing reflected by P3b in patients with Parkinson's disease, and also indicate that there may be some differences in the changes of cognitive processing caused by Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.     

多发性硬化患者认知改变与事件相关电位研究

目的研究多发性硬化(MS)患者认知功能障碍的发生情况,及其与事件相关电位(ERPs)的相关关系。方法对70例MS患者进行韦氏智力量表测查及ERPs检查。结果韦氏智力量表测试发现MS组全量表智商(FIQ)不正常者(<90分)的比率为40%(28/70),与正常组比较差异显著(P<0.01)。MS组N2、P300潜伏期明显延长,与对照组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。脑或脑脊髓型及进展型MS患者P300潜伏期明显延长,P300波幅降低。病程与P300潜伏期呈显著正相关。言语量表智商(VIQ)、FIQ与P300潜伏期呈负相关,与P300波幅呈正相关;操作量表智商(PIQ)与P300波幅呈正相关。结论MS患者存在有认知障碍。ERPs检查对MS认知障碍的判断有一定参考意义。     

Regional cerebral blood flow and P3 variables in patients with multiple lacunar infarcts.

We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and event-related potentials (ERPs) in 36 patients with multiple lacunar infarcts and 14 age-matched normal subjects. rCBF was measured by the 133Xe inhalation method. ERPs were recorded during visual discrimination tasks using three kinds of stimuli. The patients showed lower mean cortical blood flow than normal subjects especially for the frontal cortex. Nontarget P3 latency in patients was longer than in normal subjects, while no significant differences could be found in target P3 latency between the two groups. Nontarget P3 latency correlated with frontal CBF. These results show that frontal lobe dysfunction may be particularly marked with multiple lacunar infarcts and suggest that reduction of frontal CBF is related to the impairment of the automatic processing associated with the nontarget P3 component.     

Visual perception of Kanji characters and complicated figures. Part 3. Visual P300 event-related potentials in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders

In order to evaluate visual perception, the P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) for visual oddball tasks were recorded in 11 patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (AD/HD), 12 with mental retardation (MR) and 14 age-matched healthy controls. With the aim of revealing trial-to-trial variabilities which are neglected by investigating averaged ERPs, single sweep P300s (ss-P300s) were assessed in addition to averaged P300. There were no significant differences of averaged P300 latency and amplitude between controls and AD/HD patients. AD/HD patients showed an increased variability in the amplitude of ss-P300s, while MR patient showed an increased variability in latency. These findings suggest that in AD/HD patients general attention is impaired to a larger extent than selective attention and visual perception.     

Event related potentials from closed head injury patients in an auditory "oddball" task: evidence of dysfunction in stimulus categorisation.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 19 closed head injury (CHI) patients, at least 6 months after injury, and an equal number of control subjects, during a task requiring the covert counting of rare auditory "target" stimuli against a background of frequent "non-targets". In both groups, ERPs to targets contained enhanced frontal N2 and parietal P3 components. N2 was larger in amplitude in the CHI patients than in the controls, and its peak latency was delayed. P3 amplitude was smaller in the patients, but its latency was not significantly different from that of the control group. The delay in N2 latency is interpreted as evidence of an increase in the time needed to achieve stimulus categorisation in CHI patients. The larger N2s in this group are thought to reflect the additional cognitive effort required after CHI to cope with the task. The negative findings with respect to P3 latency suggest that this may be a less sensitive measure of information-processing efficiency in this task than the latency of N2.     

Selective impairment of optic flow perception in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: evidence from event-related potentials

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have visuospatial deficits due to parietal dorsal stream dysfunction. Two distinct dorsal flows have been proposed: the inferior parietal (ventro-dorsal (v-d)) and superior parietal (dorso-dorsal (d-d)) streams. We aimed to elucidate how the two dorsal streams are altered in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD. Thus, the psychophysical threshold measurements and visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in patients with aMCI and AD, and in healthy old and young adults. The visual stimuli included radial optic flow (OF) derived from the v-d stream and horizontal (HO) motion conveyed from the d-d stream. The motion thresholds between aMCI patients and old adults were comparable. However, AD patients showed significantly higher motion thresholds for both stimuli compared with other groups. In lower-level ERPs, there were no significant differences in P1 (100 ms) and N1 (130 ms) for both stimuli among the groups. For higher-level ERPs, aMCI patients showed the prolonged latency of OF-specific P200 (v-d origin) and comparable latency of motion-related N170 (V5/MT origin) for both stimuli compared with old adults. In AD patients, both N170 and P200 latencies were significantly prolonged compared with other groups. P200 latency was closely correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination score. These findings indicate that the v-d function related to OF perception is selectively impaired in aMCI, whereas AD has impairment of the distributed higher-level dorsal stream. Therefore, OF-specific P200 can be useful for detecting early functional changes of the brain in aMCI.     

Auditory event-related potentials in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer’s disease

Summary. Background: Few studies exist on ERPs and patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI). This latter is a quite homogeneous subtype of vascular dementia whose cognitive profile is quite different from that of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aims: The present study aims at comparing the ERPs profile both in patients with SVCI and in patients with AD. Subjects and methods: ERPs and psychometric tests were collected from 39 healthy elderly controls, 51 patients with SVCI and 43 patients with AD. Subjects mentally count high pitched target tones that were randomly intermixed with low pitched frequent tones. We measured ERPs latencies (N1, P2, N2 and P3), and interpeak latencies (N1–P3, N1–P2, N1–N2). Results: Grand averaged potentials in SVCI showed a significant increase of P3 latency. AD patients showed a prolongation of N1, P2, N2, P3 latencies. As far as interpeak latencies are concerned, SVCI patients showed a significant prolongation of N1–P3, AD patients had a significant increase of N1–N2, and N1–P3 intervals. When all patients were considered as a single group, correlation of neuropsychological tests scores showed a significant negative relationship between P300 latency and, respectively, Mini Mental Status Examination, auditive and visual span forward. In both groups, ERPs latency sensitivity, was low, whilst specificity values were quite high. Conclusions: Our finding suggest that these two dementing diseases have different electrophysiologic features that may be related to their specific underlying pathogenetic mechanism; in particular, we hypothesise that, differently from AD, P300 latency prolongation characterizes the early stage of SVCI. So, this ERPs approach could be helpful to detect early alterations of the attentional/working-memory functions in patients with subcortical ischaemic vascular disease.     

Short-latency somatosensory evoked potential and event-related potential in patients with multiple cerebral infarcts.

Although the short-latency somatosensory evoked (SSEPs) and the cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) have been found to change in patients with cerebral vascular disease, the relationship between these parameters has yet to be determined. For clarification of this relationship, SSEPs and ERPs were measured in 33 patients with multiple cerebral infarcts (MCI) and 25 age-matched normal subjects. ERPs were recorded during auditory discrimination tasks. The latency of P300 from the Pz region was measured. SSEPs evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded from the second cervical vertebra and contralateral primary somatosensory cortex with a midfrontal reference. The central conduction time (CCT), the interpeak latency between N13 and N20, was measured. P300 latency in patients with MCI was significantly longer than that of the normal subjects. Patients with MCI also showed longer CCT than the normal subjects. CCT and P300 latency were significantly correlated in patients with MCI. This correlation was not found in normal subjects. From these results, the severity of the lesion with respect to SSEPs appears related to the prolongation of P300 latency in patients with MCI.     

Normal latency of the P300 event-related potential in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and depression

A two-tone-discrimination task was used to elicit the P300 component of event-related (brain) potentials (ERPs) from patients with presumed Alzheimer's dementia of mild or moderate severity, depressed patients of older age, and cognitively normal individuals. Although the average P300 latency of the Alzheimer patients was greater than that of the depressed patients, which in turn was greater than that of older aged normals, none of the group differences in latency were statistically significant. Moreover, when latency was examined on an individual basis, less than one-quarter of the Alzheimer patients had an abnormally delayed P300 for their age. Reaction times and the percentage of correct behavioral responses to the tones did distinguish the Alzheimer from the normal group; on both measures the patients' scores were significantly worse. It was concluded that the performance of a simple tone discrimination task requiring a button-press response does not sufficiently tax those cognitive functions impaired in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's dementia to result in abnormally slowed cognitive processing of the kind reflected in P300 latency.     

P3 abnormality in fragile X syndrome

P300 (P3) and other long latency auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in 33 adults with fragile X syndrome. All patients had an abnormal P3. It was longer in latency and smaller in amplitude than in controls. In several cases, it was split into two separate components, and in others, was generated in response to expected as well as unexpected events. Abnormal P3 was not related to age, percentage cell fragility, or intellectual ability, but complete splitting was associated with the presence of physical dysmorphisms. Our results are interpreted as showing that in fragile X syndrome there is dysgenesis of the hippocampus and related brain structures.