雷公藤甲素对生殖系统毒性的研究进展

雷公藤甲素为雷公藤的主要活性成分之一,也是雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片等制剂的主要有效成分。它具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等药理作用,是热点研究的天然活性化合物。但是,雷公藤甲素的副作用在很大程度上影响了其在临床上的应用,其中对生殖系统的毒性及抗生育作用尤为明显,特别是对雄性生殖系统的影响。综述了雷公藤甲素对男性睾丸、附睾和精子等,以及对女性生殖系统的损害及作用机制,并建议系统开展配伍减毒增效的研究,实现对配伍雷公藤甲素安全窗口的拓宽优化,为安全有效地应用于临床提供有力依据。     

雷公藤甲素及其纳米制剂抗肿瘤作用研究进展

雷公藤甲素是从卫茅科雷公藤根部提取的一种环氧二萜内酯化合物，已经证实具有抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节、抗生育等多种药理活性，近年来，尤其在抗肿瘤方面显示出巨大潜力。雷公藤甲素对多种肿瘤细胞具有显著抑制作用，其作用机制包括抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与迁移、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、诱导肿瘤细胞自噬、诱导肿瘤细胞周期阻滞等。但其水溶性差、生物利用度低及不良反应严重等缺陷限制其临床应用，目前通过纳米制剂手段如脂质纳米粒、聚乳酸纳米粒、聚合物胶束、外泌体等，可将药物精准递送到肿瘤部位，提高药物疗效，降低毒性等，其展现出良好的应用前景。本文通过对近年来国内外雷公藤甲素的抗肿瘤活性、作用机制及其纳米制剂抗肿瘤应用的研究进行归纳总结，以期为雷公藤甲素及其纳米制剂在抗肿瘤方面的进一步开发应用提供指导。     

雷公藤主要活性成分抗肿瘤作用机制研究现状

近年来雷公藤中多种活性成分已被证实具有抗肿瘤作用。本文在分析、整理以往相关文献的基础上,对雷公藤主要活性成分及其抗肿瘤机制的研究现状进行全面综述。从抑制增殖、侵袭与迁移、血管生成及多药耐药和调节免疫等多方面分析其抗肿瘤机制,以期为雷公藤抗肿瘤相关活性的深入研究和利用提供依据和借鉴。     

雷公藤甲素的药理作用研究

综述雷公藤甲素抗排异、抗肿瘤、抗生育等药理活性及其作用机制。雷公藤甲素为雷公藤植物中提取的环氧二萜类成分,是雷公藤中的主要活性物质,具免疫抑制作用,能抑制淋巴细胞和肿瘤细胞,并诱导其凋亡,选择性损害附睾精子。     

雷公藤甲素防治卵巢癌的作用机制研究进展

卵巢癌是第2大普遍存在的妇科恶性肿瘤,具有较高的死亡率。化疗是卵巢癌主要的治疗手段,但大多数患者会发生化疗耐药性。雷公藤甲素是从雷公藤中提取的天然活性二萜类化合物,具有多种药理活性。雷公藤甲素可以通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、降低卵巢癌侵袭力、降低卵巢癌对顺铂耐药性、调节卵巢癌细胞周期、增强抗肿瘤免疫应答、改变肿瘤微环境发挥多途径防治卵巢癌。归纳了雷公藤甲素防治卵巢癌的作用机制,为卵巢癌的临床治疗提供依据。     

雷公藤甲素毒性及减毒的研究进展

雷公藤甲素是从传统中药雷公藤中提取出来的环氧二萜内酯类化合物,是雷公藤的主要有效成分之一。具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗生育及抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,临床使用广泛,但具有严重的不良反应。大量的研究发现,雷公藤甲素对机体的消化系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统及免疫系统等都有比较严重的毒性。总结近几年雷公藤甲素的研究,对其临床前研究中的常见毒性及相应毒性机制做一综述,并列举其增效减毒的方法,为临床上更好的用药提供参考。     

不同雷公藤制剂雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯含量的比较

目的比较雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯日用量的差异,为该类制剂的质量控制及临床应用评价提供参考。方法采用HPLC法测定雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲的含量,采用紫外分光光度法测定雷公藤总内酯的含量,比较不同厂家3种成分日用量的差异。雷公藤甲素以甲醇-水(45:55)为流动相,柱温为30℃,检测波长为218 nm;雷公藤内酯甲以乙腈-水(85:15)为流动相,柱温为30℃,检测波长为210 nm。结果雷公藤片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯3种成分的含量为最高,其次为雷公藤多苷片,昆明山海棠片最低,雷公藤甲素仅为雷公藤片的1/50、雷公藤内酯甲及总内酯为雷公藤片的1/8~1/10。临床上雷公藤甲素最高用量为53μg·d-1、最低用量仅为1.8μg·d-1,雷公藤内酯甲最高用量为1.2 mg·d-1、最低用量为0.1 mg·d-1,雷公藤总内酯最高用量为8.4mg·d-1、最低用量为1.3 mg·d-1。同一厂家不同批号的雷公藤片雷公藤甲素相差近5倍、雷公藤内酯甲相近、总内酯相差近1倍。结论不同雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片中雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯甲及雷公藤总内酯的日用量存在明显差异,以雷公藤片最高、其次为雷公藤多苷片、昆明山海棠片为最低。同一厂家不同批号的雷公藤片之间、雷公藤多苷片之间及不同厂家的雷公藤多苷片之间所测成分均有一定的差异,但不同厂家的昆明山海棠片相差不大。     

雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片抗炎作用量效研究

目的明确雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片发挥抗炎作用的剂量范围,比较其作用效果异同,为临床用药提供依据。方法给小鼠灌胃不同量的雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片,连续3天,通过巴豆油混合致炎液致小鼠耳肿胀模型计算雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片对抗急性炎症的半数有效量（ED50）,探讨雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片对小鼠急性炎症的抑制作用差异。结果雷公藤片和雷公藤多苷片发挥抗炎作用的ED50分别为17.753μg·kg-1和9.236mg·kg-1,折合成雷公藤甲素分别为17.753和8.922μg·kg-1,分别相当于临床70kg人临床日用量的20.30倍和10.21倍。结论雷公藤片、雷公藤多苷片均可拮抗巴豆油混合致炎液导致的急性炎症,且呈现良好的量效关系。抗炎作用强度为雷公藤多苷片〉雷公藤片。提示雷公藤甲素、雷公藤多苷均是雷公藤抗炎作用的物质基础。雷公藤抗炎作用机制有待于进一步研究。     

胰腺癌植物源药物应用研究进展

植物源性抗肿瘤药物大都是多靶点的天然药物,不仅其单药具有强大的抑瘤作用,联合其他化疗药物还可以提高化疗药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。植物来源的抗肿瘤药物已逐步在临床肿瘤治疗领域占据主导地位,我国有丰富的药用植物资源,研发高效低毒的天然抗肿瘤药物可能成为胰腺癌治疗的新希望。本文就紫杉醇、雷公藤甲索等类植物来源的抗胰腺癌药物的分子作用机制、临床研究及应用的研究进展作简要综述。     

雷公藤甲素药理作用及分子水平机制研究进展

雷公藤甲素为雷公藤二萜类成分,具有较高的药理活性,广泛应用于类风湿关节炎、各种原发性及继发性肾病、结缔组织病等,近期在抗肿瘤、抗器官移植排斥反应、脑神经元及心肌保护等方面的作用也受到广泛关注.近5年来,我国学者通过大量的实验研究,从细胞、分子、基因等水平揭示了其药理机制,为临床应用提供了理论依据和思路参考,有广阔的发展空间.但对神经元保护及心肌保护方面的研较少,进展较为缓慢.此外雷公藤甲素的毒性作用大大影响了其开发利用,如何保持其生物活性,降低其不良反应,使其能够更广泛应用于临床显得更为迫切.     

雷公藤内酯醇结构修饰和构效关系研究进展

雷公藤中的雷公藤内酯醇具有抗肿瘤、免疫抑制等多种生物活性,但是副作用大等特点限制了临床的使用。为了获得高效低毒的雷公藤内酯醇衍生物,对其结构进行了改造。近5年来对雷公藤内酯醇的结构改造又有了新进展,包括对其14位羟基、不饱和五元内酯环、B环、13位异丙基和10位甲基的结构改造,得到一系列衍生物。其中对14位羟基进行前药设计,从而降低了雷公藤内酯醇的毒性,14位羟基改造为α-羟基衍生物后发现了与雷公藤内酯醇活性相当的衍生物。综述了近5年来对雷公藤内酯醇的结构改造及构效关系研究进展。     

Triptolide alters histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation state and induces G0/G1 arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in multiple myeloma in vitro

Triptolide is the principal active ingredient in extracts from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F (TwHF), and has various functions such as immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. In diverse hematological tumors triptolide exerts antitumor activity and many studies have tried to elucidate the potential antitumor mechanism. The evidence that triptolide-induced gene promoter DNA hypermethylation has suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role in the antitumor activity of triptolide. Our study aimed to investigate the association of the therapeutic effect of triptolide on multiple myeloma with the regulation of histone methylation. Triptolide inhibited the proliferation of multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Triptolide decreased histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation via the downregulation of histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and EZH2, respectively, which possibly was the anti-myeloma mechanism of triptolide.     

Triptolide induced cell death through apoptosis and autophagy in murine leukemia WEHI‐3 cells in vitro and promoting immune responses in WEHI‐3 generated leukemia mice in vivo

Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has anti‐inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. We investigated the potential efficacy of triptolide on murine leukemia by measuring the triptolide‐induced cytotoxicity in murine leukemia WEHI‐3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that triptolide induced cell morphological changes and induced cytotoxic effects through G0/G1 phase arrest, induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric assays showed that triptolide increased the production of reactive oxygen species, Ca²⁺ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m), and activations of caspase‐8, ‐9, and ‐3. Triptolide increased protein levels of Fas, Fas‐L, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase‐9, Endo G, Apaf‐1, PARP, caspase‐3 but reduced levels of AIF, ATF6α, ATF6β, and GRP78 in WEHI‐3 cells. Triptolide stimulated autophagy based on an increase in acidic vacuoles, monodansylcadaverine staining for LC‐3 expression and increased protein levels of ATG 5, ATG 7, and ATG 12. The in vitro data suggest that the cytotoxic effects of triptolide may involve cross‐talk between cross‐interaction of apoptosis and autophagy. Normal BALB/c mice were i.p. injected with WEHI‐3 cells to generate leukemia and were oral treatment with triptolide at 0, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg for 3 weeks then animals were weighted and blood, liver, spleen samples were collected. Results indicated that triptolide did not significantly affect the weights of animal body, spleen and liver of leukemia mice, however, triptolide significant increased the cell populations of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophage (Mac‐3). Furthermore, triptolide increased the phagocytosis of macrophage from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not effects from peritoneum. Triptolide promoted T and B cell proliferation at 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg treatment when cells were pretreated with Con A and LPS stimulation, respectively; however, triptolide did not significant affect NK cell activities in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 550–568, 2017.     

Licorice root extract and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate protect against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via up-regulation of the Nrf2 pathway

Triptolide, the predominant biologically active component of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic, and immunosuppressive effects. However, toxicity and severe adverse effects, particularly hepatotoxicity, limit the clinical application of triptolide. Licorice root extract contains various bioactive compounds and is potent hepatoprotective. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate, a magnesium salt of the 18α-glycyrrhizic acid stereoisomer of glycyrrhizic acid, is used clinically in China to treat chronic viral hepatitis and acute drug-induced liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in the protective effects of LE and MIG against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity models were established in L-02 cells and rats using triptolide, and the protective effects of LE and MIG were investigated in vitro and in vivo, respectively. LE and MIG significantly protected against triptolide-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, triptolide decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and down-regulated Nrf2 target genes, including UGT1A, BSEP, and MRP2, while pretreatment with LE and MIG reversed these effects. Finally, Nrf2-involved antioxidant responses were activated in the presence of LE and MIG.     

Suppression of the migration and invasion is mediated by triptolide in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through the NF‐kappaB‐dependent pathway

Melanoma cancer is one of the major causes of death in humans worldwide. Triptolide is one of the active components of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and has biological activities including induced cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis but its antimetastatic effects on murine melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect of triptolide on the inhibition of migration and invasion and possible associated signal pathways in B16F10 murine melanoma cancer cells. Wound healing assay and Matrigel Cell Migration Assay and Invasion System demonstrated that triptolide marked inhibiting the migration and invasion of B16F10 cells. Gelatin zymography assay demonstrated that triptolide significantly inhibited the activities of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2). Western blotting showed that triptolide markedly reduced CXCR4, SOS1, GRB2, p‐ERK, FAK, p‐AKT, Rho A, p‐JNK, NF‐κB, MMP‐9, and MMP‐2 but increased PI3K and p‐p38 and COX2 after compared to the untreated (control) cells. Real time PCR indicated that triptolide inhibited the gene expression of MMP‐2, FAK, ROCK‐1, and NF‐κB but did not significantly affect TIMP‐1 and ‐2 gene expression in B16F10 cells in vitro. EMSA assay also showed that triptolide inhibited NF‐κB DNA binding in a dose‐dependent manner. Confocal laser microscopy examination also confirmed that triptolide inhibited the expression of NF‐κB in B16F10 cells. Taken together, we suggest that triptolide inhibited B16F10 cell migration and invasion via the inhibition of NF‐κB expression then led to suppress MMP‐2 and ‐9 expressions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1974–1984, 2016.     

Characterization of triptolide hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 in human and rat liver microsomes

Triptolide, the primary active component of a traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has a wide range of pharmacological activities. In the present study, the metabolism of triptolide by cytochrome P450s was investigated in human and rat liver microsomes. Triptolide was converted to four metabolites (M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-4) in rat liver microsomes and three (M-2, M-3, and M-4) in human liver microsomes. All the products were identified as mono-hydroxylated triptolides by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The studies with chemical selective inhibitors, complementary DNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s, correlation analysis, and enzyme kinetics were also conducted. The results demonstrate that CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 could be involved in the metabolism of triptolide in human liver, and that CYP3A4 was the primary isoform responsible for its hydroxylation.     

基于网络药理学和分子对接方法探讨雷公藤对狼疮性肾炎的效毒作用机制

目的基于网络药理学和分子对接方法探讨雷公藤治疗狼疮性肾炎的效毒作用机制。方法通过TCMSP、Uniprot、STITCH等数据库查询雷公藤的化合物分子及其主要靶点,并与狼疮性肾炎相关基因做对比,获得药物靶点与疾病相关的共有基因,构建药物与疾病之间的网络关系。通过String数据库获取潜在作用靶标之间的相互作用关系,利用Cytoscape软件构建中药-成分-疾病网络。运用Clusterprofiler程序分别进行GO基因富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析。结果从雷公藤中筛选得到44个候选活性成分,包括雷公藤甲素、雷公藤多苷、雷公藤红素等;潜在作用靶标228个,其中治疗靶标152个,毒性靶标76个。GO富集分析结果显示,治疗靶标主要与细菌来源分子的反应(response to molecule of bacterial origin)、对脂多糖的反应(responsetolipopolysaccharide)、胞浆钙离子浓度的正调控(positiveregulationofcytosoliccalciumion concentration)等有关。治疗狼疮性肾炎的相关基因参与通路共125条,具有潜在不良反应的相关基因通路共130条。分子对接结果表明,5α-benzoyl-4α-hydroxy-1β, 8α-dinicotinoyl-dihydro-agarofuran、triptofordin B1、triptofordinine A2与SYK有较好的结合性。结论基于网络药理学方法和分子对接挖掘雷公藤对狼疮性肾炎治疗靶点和毒性靶点、治疗作用通路和毒性作用通路,为研究雷公藤对狼疮性肾炎效毒作用机制提供了新的研究方法。     

The MVA pathway genes expressions and accumulation of celastrol in Tripterygium wilfordii suspension cells in response to methyl jasmonate treatment

Celastrol is an important bioactive triterpenoid in traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Tripterygium wilfordii. Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) is a common plant hormone which can regulate the secondary metabolism in higher plants. In this study, the mevalonate (MVA) pathway genes in T. wilfordii were firstly cloned. The suspension cells of T. wilfordii were elicited by MJ, and the expressions of MVA pathway genes were all enhanced in different levels ranging from 2.13 to 22.33 times of that at 0 h. The expressions were also enhanced compared with the CK group separately. The accumulation of celastrol in the suspension cells after the treatment was quantified and co-analyzed with the genes expression levels. The production of celastrol was significantly increased to 0.742 mg g^?1 after MJ treatment in 288 h which is consistent with the genes expressions. The results provide plenty of gene information for the biosynthesis of terpenoids in T. wilfordii and a viable way to improve the accumulation of celastrol in T. wilfordii suspension cells.