基于化学计量学的麸炒枳实与烫枳实比较研究

目的 利用指纹图谱与化学计量学进行麸炒枳实和烫枳实的质量评价及比较研究，为临床选择使用枳实2种饮片提供部分科学依据。方法 依据中国药典2020年版和《北京市中药饮片炮制规范》（2008年版）炮制麸炒枳实与烫枳实2种饮片，采用超高效液相色谱法分别建立2种饮片的指纹图谱，采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统软件进行相似度分析，利用化学计量学进行2种饮片指纹图谱中14个共有成分及辛弗林的比较研究，并对2种饮片中已指认的9个成分进行定量分析与比较。结果 麸炒枳实和烫枳实与各自对照指纹图谱相似度>0.9，同一批次麸炒枳实与烫枳实相似度>0.9。与对照品比对指认出芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、野漆树苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮素、川陈皮素8个共有峰。聚类分析结果显示2种饮片无明显聚类。PCA分析显示麸炒枳实与烫枳实不能完全区分为2类。VIP法筛选出对区分麸炒枳实和烫枳实影响较大的7个成分，分别是柚皮素、柚皮苷、野漆树苷、X8、橙皮素、川陈皮素、X1。定量分析结果显示，与麸炒枳实组比较，烫枳实组中柚皮苷含量较低，野漆树苷、柚皮素含量较高，且有显著性差异。结论 本研究建立了麸炒枳实与烫枳实的定量指纹图谱及黄酮类多成分含量测定的质量评价方法，研究结果可为临床选择使用枳实2种饮片提供部分科学依据。     

酸橙和甜橙2种枳实药材HPLC指纹图谱研究及其柚皮苷和辛弗林含量分析

目的:研究酸橙和甜橙2种枳实药材的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱并测定药材中柚皮苷和辛弗林的含量,以建立枳实药材有效的质量评价方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法建立指纹图谱和测定有效成分含量,对来自20个产地的2个种的枳实药材进行分析。色谱柱为AlltimaC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(含0.1%磷酸或加上0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠),流速为1.0mL·min-1,指纹图谱检测波长为224nm,柚皮苷和辛弗林含量测定的检测波长分别为283、224nm。结果:得到分离度、重复性均较好的枳实药材HPLC指纹图谱。对20批不同产地枳实药材(包含2个种)HPLC指纹图谱的相似度评价结果显示,酸橙和甜橙2种枳实的指纹图谱差异显著,但同种枳实中不同产地的差异不大;含量测定结果显示,不同产地和不同种枳实药材中柚皮苷和辛弗林含量差异较大。结论:该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可作为枳实药材的质量控制方法,此方法已被《香港中药材标准》采用。不同种和产地的枳实药材有效成分(柚皮苷和辛弗林)的含量具有明显差异,临床处方应当区别应用。     

不同产地枳实与枳壳中黄酮类成分的含量测定

目的:建立枳实、枳壳药材中橙皮苷、柚皮苷等四种黄酮类成分的含量测定方法,并比较此类成分在两种药材中的区别。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,用Inertsil ODS(250×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(38:58:4)为流动相;流速为1.0mL·mim~(-1);柱温为35℃;检测波长为284nm。结果:枳实中主要含橙皮苷、芸香柚皮苷,而枳壳中以新橙皮苷和柚皮苷含量较高;且枳实中总黄酮含量高于枳壳。结论:黄酮类成分的种类和含量高低均有很大区别,揭示产地、品种以及采收期的不同影响其含量分布。     

枳术颗粒多指标成分含量测定及化学计量学分析

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定枳术颗粒中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、川陈皮素、白术内酯Ⅲ7个指标性成分的含量,同时结合化学计量学分析为其质量评价提供参考依据。方法:采用Waters Symmetry C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长220 nm(白术内酯Ⅲ)、280 nm(芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素)和332 nm(川陈皮素),柱温30℃,进样体积10μL。采用统计分析软件对含量测定结果进行聚类分析、主成分分析与正交偏最小二乘法判别。结果:24批枳术颗粒中各成分分离度较好,在考察的线性范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r>0.999 9),平均回收率在87.6%～114.3%。24批枳术颗粒存在一定差异,筛选出4个差异性成分柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和柚皮素。24批枳术颗粒供试样品中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、川陈皮素、白术内酯Ⅲ的含量依次为0.378 4～1.380...     

一测多评法测定枳术颗粒中四种黄酮类成分的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法,建立以柚皮苷为内参物,同时测定枳术颗粒中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的一测多评法。方法以柚皮苷为内标,分别建立柚皮苷与芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的相对较正因子,并将校正因子应用于芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量测定,实现一测多评。同时采用外标法测定上述4种黄酮类成分的含量,比较计算值与实测值的差异。结果建立的校正因子重现性良好,枳实药材中采用校正因子计算的含量值与外标法实测值之间没有明显差异。结论该方法快速、准确,可作为一个新模式用于枳术颗粒的多成分质量控制。     

黄芩茎叶解毒胶囊联合阿奇霉素治疗急性咽炎的临床研究

目的 通过对枳实进行多成分定性、定量分析,为不同产地酸橙枳实药材的质量控制提供依据。方法 结合指纹图谱和一测多评（QAMS）模式,采用Waters X-Brige C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸水溶液（B）为流动性,梯度洗脱,检测波长为283 nm和330 nm,体积流量1 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 建立了不同产地酸橙枳实药材的HPLC-UV指纹图谱,确定了21个共有峰,鉴别出了芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮素、甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素、桔皮素9种成分,且23批次枳实样品的相似度均大于0.9,聚类分析（CA）及主成分（PCA）分析结果显示的分类情况与该药材的产地分布情况相一致,以新橙皮苷为参照物的QAMS法测定结果均显示一定的差异性。结论 从成分的角度来看,不同产地间药材质量存在一定差异,实验所建的QAMS法准确、高效、可行,与标准曲线法和外标法相比具有明显的优势,可应用于酸橙枳实的质量评价,为不同产地酸橙枳实药材的质量控制奠定实验基础。     

枳实配方颗粒与水煎剂中主要化学成分含量的对比分析

枳实为常用理气药,具有破气消积、化痰散痞的功效。枳实主要含有挥发油、黄酮类和生物碱类成分。其中黄酮类对大鼠离体肠平滑肌具有收缩作用,主要为橙皮苷、柚皮苷;生物碱是升压、抗休克的主要有效成分,主要为辛弗林、N-甲基酪胺。目前,多采用高效液相色谱法测定枳实中化学成分的     

不同产地枳实黄酮类有效成分比较分析

目的:比较分析不同产地枳实黄酮类有效成分。方法:对产自四川、云南、江西、福建、湖南5个产区的枳实样品采用色谱柱Hypersil ODS(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)—水(B)为流动相系统进行梯度洗脱;柱温35℃;检测波长284 nm;流速1.0 mL﹒min~(-1)。结果:各产地枳实中均含有芸香柚皮苷与橙皮苷,部分产地枳实中未含柚皮苷、新橙皮苷,不同产地枳实黄酮类有效成分含量不同,以四川沐川产区总黄酮含量最高。结论:产地会影响到枳实黄酮类有效成分的种类以及含量高低水平。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定枳实中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定枳实中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量。方法 采用Promosil C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水（22：78）,流速为1.0 mL· min^-1,检测波长283 nm,柱温为25℃。结果 枳实中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷分别在0.4116～2.470μg（r=0.9997）、0.413 2～2.066μg（r=1.000 0）、0.474 4～3.795μg（r=0.999 9）、0.198 2～1.982μg（r=0.999 7）与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为100.4%、103.3%、101.2%、99.2%;RSD分别为2.2%、1.6%、2.7%、2.0%。结论 该方法简便、准确、可靠,为枳实的质量控制提供一定的依据。     

化学模式分析联合指纹图谱评价不同基原枳壳药材的质量

目的 建立酸橙枳壳的HPLC指纹图谱，测定共有峰中10个化合物的含量，结合化学模式分析技术对不同基原枳壳质量的一致性与差异性进行评价，以期为枳壳的质量控制和标准提高提供参考。方法 以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，检测波长330 nm，建立10批酸橙枳壳共有模式图谱，指认出共有峰中的10个化学成分，同时测定其含量。相似度结果联合分析化学模式分析技术评价枳壳药材的质量。结果 建立的酸橙枳壳指纹图谱共有模式中获得共有峰22个，指认出共有峰中10个化学成分，分别为芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、橘皮内酯水合物、木樨草素、橘皮内酯、川陈皮素、桔皮素和葡萄内酯水合物。酸橙枳壳的相似度结果均>0.92，朱栾枳壳相似度结果<0.21。通过化学模式分析技术，将全部24批样品区分为3类，并筛选出导致药材差异密切度高的5个化合物，分别为新橙皮苷、葡萄内酯、桔皮素、芸香柚皮苷和柚皮苷。结论 建立的HPLC指纹图谱方法简单，专属性强，准确度高，结合化学模式识别技术可以为不同基源枳壳药材的质量评价和标准提高提供依据和参考。     

枳壳果皮、核瓤有效成分的比较研究

目的:测定枳壳果皮、核瓤中的主要有效成分含量并进行比较分析,为枳壳综合开发利用提供依据。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法分别测定枳壳果皮、核瓤中辛弗林和4种黄酮苷的含量。结果:辛弗林、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的进样量分别在0.058～0.696、0.014～4.720、0.017～28.920、0.031～20.520、0.028～18.520μg范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.9996);平均加样回收率分别为98.21%、97.02%、97.71%、98.55%、98.41%,RSD分别为1.61%、1.98%、2.00%、1.14%、1.47%(n均为6)。结论:枳壳果皮中有效成分的含量总体均大于核瓤。但枳壳核瓤中存在有效化学成分,可考虑进一步综合利用。     

Hydrolysis of flavanone glycosides and degradation of the corresponding aglycones from dried immature Citrus fruit by human fecal flora in vitro

The hydrolysis of the flavanone glycosides contained in dried immature Citrus fruit, originating from Citrus aurantium L (Family Rutaceae), and degradation of their aglycones in human fecal flora have been analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the flavanone glycosides and their corresponding aglycones in human fecal flora. The separation of compounds was performed with an ODS column by isocratic and stepwise gradient elution with 0.5 % (v/v) acetic acid-acetonitrile. As a result, the hydrolysis rate of hesperidin and narirutin (flavanone rutinoside) was faster than that of naringin and neohesperidin (flavanone neohesperioside). When the half-life time of each flavanone glycoside was carefully calculated (under the mixed conditions with the human fecal flora), hydrolysis of the flavanone rutinoside turned out to be approximately two times faster than of flavanone neohesperioside. The observed degradation rates of both aglycones was found not to be different. Therefore, it seems that the hydrolysis rate of flavanone glycosides in dried immature citrus fruit with human fecal flora is closely related to the steric hindrance of the sugar. This finding might be effectively used for further pharmacokinetics research on the flavanone glycosides of dried immature Citrus fruit.     

Correlation between flavonoid content and the NO production inhibitory activity of peel extracts from various citrus fruits

We investigated the correlation between the flavonoid content and NO production inhibitory activity of fruit peel extracts using 20 citrus plants. The contents of seven flavonoids (naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin, rutin, nobiletin, and tangeretin) were determined by HPLC analysis. Each citrus peel extract varied in flavonoid content, but the contents of nobiletin and tangeretin, which were contained in all 20 fruit peels, showed a positive and significant correlation with each other (r=0.879, p<0.0005 for immature fruit peels; r=0.858, p<0.0005 for mature fruit peels). All citrus peel extracts dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. This inhibitory effect was significantly and positively correlated with the content of nobiletin and tangeretin. Nobiletin showed a more potent NO production inhibitory activity (IC50=26.5 microM) compared to tangeretin (IC50=136.6 microM). This result supports the premise that nobiletin-rich citrus may provide protection against disease resulting from excessive NO production.     

正交设计优化枳实中3种二氢黄酮苷的提取工艺

目的优化枳实中柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、橙皮苷的提取工艺。方法采用L9(34)正交试验,以柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、橙皮苷的含量为评价指标,以乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数、乙醇用量为考察因素。优化枳实的提取工艺。结果最佳提取工艺即用8倍量50%乙醇提取1次,每次1.5 h。应用此工艺可得到最大量的柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷。结论本试验方法快捷简单,重复性好;优化得到的工艺稳定可行。     

Comparative evaluation of 12 immature citrus fruit extracts for the inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoform activities

In a previous study we found that 50% ethanol extracts of immature fruits of Citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarin) have anti-allergic effects against the Type I, II and IV allergic reactions. However, many adverse interactions between citrus fruit, especially grapefruit juice, and drugs have been reported due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the competitive inhibitory effects of extracts from immature citrus fruit on CYP activity. Extracts were prepared from 12 citrus species or cultivars, and were tested against three kinds of major CYPs, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, in human liver microsomes. We also estimated the amounts of flavonoids (narirutin, hesperidin, naringin and neohesperidin) and furanocoumarins (bergapten, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergamottin) in each extract using HPLC. Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) showed the greatest inhibition of CYP activities, while Citrus unshiu which has an antiallergic effect, showed relatively weak inhibitory effects. Extracts having relatively strong inhibitory effects for CYP3A4 tended to contain higher amounts of naringin, bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin. These results, providing comparative information on the inhibitory effects of citrus extracts on CYP isoforms, suggest that citrus extracts containing high levels of narirutin and hesperidin and lower levels of furanocoumarins such as C. unshiu are favorable as antiallergic functional ingredients.     

一测多评法测定代代花中4种二氢黄酮类成分

目的：建立代代花药材中4种二氢黄酮类成分芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的一测多评法,验证该方法在代代花质量分析中应用的准确性和可行性。方法：以柚皮苷为内标,分别建立柚皮苷与芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的相对校正因子,采用相对校正因子计算各成分的质量分数。同时用外标法测定代代花中4种二氢黄酮的量,并比较计算值与实测值的差异,以验证一测多评法的可行性与科学性。结果：各相对校正因子重复性良好,一测多评法与外标法测定结果无显著差异。结论：以柚皮苷为内标同时测定代代花中芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的一测多评法可用于代代花的定量分析。     

Simultaneous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diosmin,hesperidin and naringin in different citrus fruit juices and pharmaceutical formulations

Diosmin, hesperidin and naringin are flavonoid glycosides that occur naturally in citrus fruits. They exert a variety of pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and free radical scavenging and antiulcer effects and also inhibit selected cytochrome P-450 enzymes resulting in drug interactions. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of diosmin, hesperidin and naringin in different citrus fruit juices and pharmaceutical preparations. Diosmin, hesperidin, naringin and the internal standard rhoifolin were separated using tetrahydrofuran/water/acetic acid (21:77:2, v/v/v) as the mobile phase at 34 degrees C, using a C8 reversed-phase column. The method was linear in the 0.25-20.0 microg/ml concentration range for all three flavonoid glycosides (r>0.999). The method has been successfully applied to the determination of all three flavonoid glycosides in several samples of different citrus fruit juices sold in Greece and for the determination of diosmin and hesperidin in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Studies on the preparation and evaluation of Kijitsu, the immature citrus fruits. IV. Biological activities of immature fruits of different citrus species]

Biological activities of the 50% ethanolic extract of Kijitsu, dried immature Citrus fruits prepared from C. hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka (H), C. natsudaidai Hayata (N) or allied plants (T, A) were observed. Weak toxicities, weak intestine or uterine relaxant activities, beta-adrenergic activities were shown by in vitro experiments and antiasthmatic activity by intraperitoneal administration. These activities among each extract did not differ. The content of flavonoids (narirutin, naringin hesperidin, neohesperidin) or synephrine did not show much difference among the four dried immature Citrus fruits. These results suggest that H can be used for medicine as the substitute for N, T or A which has been commonly used as Kijitsu. This method is generally applicable to the proof of the biological equivalency of the crude drug and its substitutes.