枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片的人体生物等效性

目的 用市售的枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片与自制的分散片进行生物等效性评价.方法 24名健康男性受试者采用随机自身交叉对照试验设计,分别口服市售和自制的枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片,应用Lc-MS/MS法测定莫沙必利的血药浓度及其代谢物的相对含量,采用DAS 2.0程序进行药动学分析,并评价两制剂的人体生物等效性.结果 单剂口服10 mg枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片的AVC0-7分别为91.88±45.80、86.06±35.84 μg·h·L-1;AUCo0-∞分别为99.56±53.84、90.87±41.68 μg·h·L-1;Gmax分别为51.03±23.17、48.58 ±17.68 μg·L-1;Tmax分别为0.56±0.27、0.57±0.27 h;T1/2分别为1.90±0.81、1.56 ±0.32 h.结论 两种制剂具有牛物等效性.     

枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊在人体的相时生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性受试者,采用双周期交叉、自身对照试验设计,分别单剂量口服枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂各40 mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定其血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果:枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(53.5±14.4)h和(51.7±8.9)h;tmax分别为(3.9±0.9)h和(4.0±1.1)h;Cmax分别为(108.1±19.8)μg·L-1和(101.3±16.5)μg·L-1;AUC0-72分别为(3 073.7±439.1)μg·h·L-1和(3148.8±373.7)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5 074.8±1 082.2)μg·h·L-1和(5 121.2±902.0)μg·h-1.方差分析结果表明,2种制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无显著性.枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.9±10.8)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制刑具有生物等效性.     

马来酸依那普利片的健康人体生物等效性

目的:研究马来酸依那普利片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服马来酸依那普利片试验制剂和参比制剂,剂量分别为20 mg,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中依那普利的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(272.6±42.2)μg·L-1和(263.5±42.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.81±0.11)h和(0.80±0.10)h;AUC(0-∞)分别为(664.7±105.1)μg·h·L-1和(661.2±99.5)μg·h·L-1)AUC(0-inf)分别为(698.0±116.3)μg·h·L-1和(689.0±106.0)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(102.3±19.7)%,结论:试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

阿奇霉素分散片人体相对生物利用度及药动学

目的:研究受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂人体相对生物利用度及药动学.方法:20名健康受试者自身交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500 mg,定时取血,用微生物法测定血药浓度.结果:受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂的血药浓度-时间曲线基本一致,符合一级吸收二房室模型.受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期t1/2β:(36.1±7.8)h,(39.9±10.3)h;Tmx:(2.4±0.5)h,(2.4±0.5)h;Cmax:(413.0±72.5)μg·L-1,(404.0±69.5)μg·L-1.药动学参数经配对t检验,P＞0.05,差异均无显著性.两种制剂的药时曲线下面积AUC0→t平均值分别为:受试制剂分散片(9 806±1 308)μg·L-1·h-1,参比制剂(9 949±1 395)μg·L-1·h-1;受试制剂分散片的相对生物利用度为:(99.0±9.0)%.结论:统计学结果表明,受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂生物等效.     

阿奇霉素分散片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的研究阿奇霉素分散片健康人体的药动学与生物等效性。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法（LC-MS）测定血药浓度。以DAS2.0软件计算其药动学参数,考察其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂阿奇霉素AUC0-168分别为（8.98±1.74）μg·h·mL^-1和（8.75±1.60）μg·h·mL^-1,Cmax分别为（0.81±0.14）μg·mL^-1和（0.80±0.14）μg·mL^-1,t^1/2分别为（48.16±11.10）h和（51.1±7.60）h,Tmax分别为（1.80±0.86）h和（1.82±0.92）h,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为（103.4±20.2）%。结论阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片和胶囊的生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片药代动力学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者按体重指数进行分层随机交叉服用盐酸氟桂利嗪试验制剂和参比试剂20 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氟桂利嗪的血药浓度。结果:口服20 mg被试制剂与参比制剂后,盐酸氟桂利嗪AUC0-t分别为424.27±74.01和410.25±72.56μg·h-1·L-1;Cmax分别为67.02±14.89和67.45±15.68μg·L-1;Tmax分别为2.90±0.42和2.98±0.47 h;t1/2ke分别为9.73±3.15和8.89±3.08 h。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.12±12.23)％。结论:盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片和胶囊具有生物等效性。     

马来酸氯苯那敏片健康人体药动学和相对生物利用度

目的研究马来酸氯苯那敏片剂在健康人体内的相对生物利用度。方法采用HPLC法测定18名男性健康志愿者单剂量交叉口服马来酸氯苯那敏片参比制剂和被试制剂8mg后不同时间血浆药物浓度。用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果参比和被试制剂的药-时曲线均符合一房室模型,两制剂的主要药动学参数如下Cmax分别为(15.74±7.06)μg·L-1和(14.88±4.40)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.9±1.2)h和(4.5±0.8)h;t1/2ke分别为(15.54±3.76)h和(14.49±3.24)h;AUC0-t分别为(248.86±78.52)μg·h·L-1和(245.09±90.77)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(292.64±99.21)μg·h·L-1和(282.04±98.64)μg·h·L-1。与标准参比制剂相比,被试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-t为(104.1±36.1)%,F0-∞为(103.2±35.6)%。结论方差分析与双单侧t检验证明,两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利颗粒在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性评价研究

目的：研究枸橼酸莫沙必利颗粒的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法：健康志愿者24名,随机双交叉单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利颗粒（受试制剂）和枸橼酸莫沙必利片（参比制剂）,剂量均为10mg,采用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中枸橼酸莫沙必利的浓度,用DAS2.1药动学程序计算药动学参数和生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果：单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利受试和参比制剂后,血浆莫沙必利的Cmax分别为（48.26±22.67）ng·ml-1和（45.20±20.28）ng·ml-1,tmax分别为（0.62±0.89）h和（0.65±0.34）h,t1/2分别为（2.16±0.63）h和（2.62±1.42）h,AUC0→10分别为（86.87±39.21）ng·h·ml-1和（85.20±29.44）ng·h·ml-1,AUC0→∞ 分别为（90.55±41.50）ng·h·ml-1和（90.31 ±31.86）ng·h·ml-1.AUC0→10、AUC0→∞和Cmax的90%可信区间分别为87.3%～116.4%,86.7%～113.7%和85.7%～126.7%.受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0→10为（109.5±45.3）%.结论：两制剂具有生物等效性.     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸特比萘芬片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价盐酸特比萘芬片人体生物等效性.方法:18例健康志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量(0.25 g)盐酸特比萘芬片试验制剂与参比制剂,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中特比萘芬的血药浓度.结果:试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(941.6±196.5)和(917.1±264.8)μg·L-1,Tmax分别为(1.38±0.39)和(1.38±0.61)h,AUC0～72h分别为(4 696.4±1 192.8)和(4 596.9±1 189.8)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(4 838.7±1 188.1)和(4 755.9±1 183.2)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F(以AUC0～72h作为评价依据)为(98±9)%.结论:盐酸特比萘芬片试验制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.