Effects of cyclosporine therapy on plasma lipoprotein levels

Accelerated atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in long-term survivors of heart and renal transplantation and may be exacerbated by the frequent occurrence of posttransplant hyperlipidemia. Attempts to define the mechanism for hyperlipidemia in transplant recipients are confounded by dramatic changes in metabolism and nutritional status after transplantation, as well as by treatment with multiple immunosuppressive and antihypertensive drugs. To avoid these pitfalls and to determine if cyclosporine alone adversely affects lipid levels, we measured lipoprotein levels in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in 36 men with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels were measured at baseline, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months. Significant increases of 21% in total cholesterol, 31% in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 12% in apolipoprotein B levels occurred only in the cyclosporine group. Cyclosporine therapy alone adversely affects plasma lipoprotein levels by increasing total cholesterol levels, primarily due to an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.     

Studies on eleven kidney transplants from non-heart-beating donors

This study was performed to analyze postoperative courses and complications, retrospectively, following transplants from non-heart-beating donors and to examine the correlation between early graft function and clinical parameters. We experienced 11 cases of kidney transplants from non-heart-beating donors during the period from April 1995 to May 2003. Warm ischemic time was less than 30 min in all cases, and total ischemic time ranged from 8.4 hours to 27.9 hours. Rejection reactions occurred in seven cases, two of which were vascular rejections. Infectious disease complications included CMV in two cases, interstitial pneumonia in one case and fungal infection in one case. One patient died from interstitial pneumonia, and three patients had to be restarted on dialysis due to loss of function of the grafted kidney. The remaining seven patients all made full recoveries. All of the 16 patients who underwent living related kidney transplantations during the same period made full recoveries. Both the donor's gender and the latest creatinine level of the donor influenced the posttransplant dialysis period. The posttransplant dialysis period significantly influenced the creatinine level one month after transplant. These results suggest that patients who undergo kidney transplants from non-heart-beating donors have higher rates of complications than patients who undergo living related kidney transplantation. It is important that, in cases where the donor's creatinine level is high, especially when the donor is male, the kidney is carefully retrieved and transported to the recipent hospital to shorten the ischemic period as much as possible.     

A case of renal transplantation

A 12-year-old boy was admitted in paediatric nephrology unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) with massive proteinuria, hypertension, respiratory distress and anaemia and diagnosed as nephrotic syndrome. Percutaneous needle biopsy was consistent with diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis and initially managed conservatively with injection methyl prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, lisinopril etc. without any improvement. Living-related renal transplantation was done successfully from paternal uncle. Two episodes of acute rejection occurred, one immediately after transplantation and another after one month. These were managed with IV methyl prednisolone for 3 days. At present, he is on oral prednisolone, cyclosporine, azathioprine and antihypertensives with normal haemoglobin and stable serum creatinine level (pre-transplant level 12.5mg/dl to post-transplant level 1.5mg/dl). He has been maintaining his normal life including schooling for last few months. It is concluded that a patient with uncommon presentation of nephrotic syndrome should be confirmed by renal biopsy and renal transplantation may be considered if conservative measures fail.     

Bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Fifty-seven patients with end-stage acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) received a total of 65 bone marrow transplants between 1968 and 1976. Marrow from HLA genotypically identical allogeneic donors was administered to 32 patients, 13 received marrow from HLA-incompatible donors, donor-recipient HLA compatibility was undetermined for eight patients, and identical twins were marrow donors for four patients. None of the patients in the three latter groups survived beyond 9.4 months after transplantation. Two patients treated with marrow transplants from HLA-compatible donors currently are alive and free of leukemia with functioning grafts 13 and 38 months after transplantation. The 32 patients in the Registry series who received marrow from HLA-compatible donors were compared with a similar series of 46 patients in Seattle. Data for these 78 patients were pooled and analyzed for pretransplant factors that might have prognostic value. Patients with end-stage AML had approximately a 10% chance of surviving 20 months after high-dose chemoradiotherapy plus marrow transplantation. Patients younger than 21 years had a higher six-month survival rate than patients older than 30 years. Patients in the Registry series who received transplants with HLA-compatible marrow within eight months of diagnosis had a higher survival experience than patients who received transplants later.     

脑死亡供肝与无心跳供肝对肝移植患者近期预后的影响

目的 比较腩死亡供体与无心跳供体来源供肝对肝移植患者术后短期预后的影响,初步探讨脑死亡供体来源供肝应用于临床的安全性.方法 2006年1月至2007年12月中山大学附属一院器官移植科共实施成人首次全肝移植130例,其中9例接受脑死亡供体供肝(脑死亡供体组),121例接受无心跳供体供肝(无心跳供体组),回顾性分析了以上130例患者的术中、术后情况,比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、无肝期时间、术后SICU治疗时间、各种并发症的发生率及术后近期生存情况(围手术期、术后6月及术后12月生存率)的差异.结果 两组间手术时间、无肝期时间和术中出血量无明显差异,术后1月、6月、12月生存率无明显差异(P>0.05),术后各种并发症的发生率无明显差异.结论 脑死亡供体来源的供肝与无心跳供体来源的供肝相比,移植肝及受者术后早期预后无明显差异.     

夫妻间供肾移植10例报告

 目的 总结夫妻间供肾移植的临床经验。方法 回顾性总结了我院2004年4月至2006年4月10例夫妻间供肾移植的临床资料。供者男5例,女5例。年龄32～62岁（42.0±10.0）岁。5例行手助腹腔镜取肾,5例行小切口开放取肾。受者年龄32～61岁（43. 3±9.13）岁,术后采用三联免疫抑制方案：环抱素A/FK506+骁悉/硫唑嘌呤+泼尼松预防徘斥反应。10例患者随访3～40月。结果 手术成功率100%,供受者无一例发生手术相关并发症。10例供者术后1周内血肌酐较术前升高15%～25%,但均维持正常水平。随访超过1年的7例供者,肾功能均维持正常。受者术后发生急性徘斥反应1例,主要归因于未遵医嘱服用免疫抑制剂,术后3月并发肺部感染死亡。发生移植肾功能延迟恢复1例,治疗2周后肾功能恢复正常。其余8例患者肾功能完全恢复正常的平均时间为3.61天。10例受者术后血肌酐恢复正常的时间、急性徘斥和移植肾功能延迟恢复的发生率与同期的亲属肾移植组相比均无显著性差异。结论 夫妻间供肾移植安全可行,效果良好。     

U-74389G PRETREATMENT ATTENUATING WARM ISCHEMIA INJURY IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Objective To investigate the protective role of lazaroid U-74389G pretreatment against warm ischemia injury of rat liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Methods Rat othortopic liver transplantation was perfomed in 4 groups (N-45, N-60, pN-45 and pN-60 ), according to pretreatment with U-74389G or not, and the non-heart-beating time 45rain or 60rain before donor liver harvested. Survival rates, liver functions, MDA values and graft pathology of each group were compared. Results The one-week survival rates of Group N-45, N-60 , pN-45 and pN-60 were25% (2/8), 0% (0/8), 58.3% (7/12) and 33.3% ( 4/12 ), respectively. U-74389G pretreatment significantly increased survival rate of rat liver trans-plantation from non-heart-beating donors, but also improved liver functions and graft pathologies, as well as decreased MDA expression. Conclusion U-74389G pretreatment could attenuate warm ischemia reperfusion injury of rat liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors.     

心脏死亡供者肾移植48例临床分析

目的:探讨终末期肾病患者接受心脏死亡无偿器官捐献(DCD)供者移植后的恢复情况及此类供体对受者及移植物术后的影响。方法:对48例终末期肾病患者接受DCD捐献的肾脏后行同种异体肾移植术,并对其术前和术后的诊疗及随访血肌酐、移植物及受者存活情况进行回顾性分析。结果:48例受者中无1例出现移植肾原发性无功能(PNF),18例受者术后出现肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),其发生率为37.5%,DGF组与无DGF组受者及移植肾生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(分别P=0.098,P=0.447)。48例受者中有7例(14.6%)受者移植肾丢失,其他41例受者随访时间为0.5~23(中位数8)个月,39例(95.1%)受者移植肾功能恢复正常。在1,3,6,12个月移植物的存活率分别为95.7%,93.0%,90.0%,87.5%,患者的存活率分别为100%,94.9%,90.0%,87.5%。结论:在我国尚无脑死亡法的环境下,DCD是解决我国器官移植界瓶颈的重要手段,是器官来源的重要部分,并且有着较好的短中期预后。     

High density lipoprotein cholesterol is not a major risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in British men

The concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) in serum was measured at initial examination in a large prospective study of men aged 40-59 drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. After an average follow up of 4.2 years 193 cases of major ischaemic heart disease had been registered in 7415 men in whom both HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol values had been measured. The mean HDL cholesterol concentration was lower in the men with ischaemic heart disease ("cases") compared with other men, but the difference became small and non-significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and concentration of non-HDL cholesterol. The higher mean concentration of non-HDL cholesterol in "cases" remained highly significant after adjustment for other factors. Men in the highest fifth of non-HDL cholesterol values had over three times the risk of major ischaemic heart disease compared with men in the lowest fifth. Multivariate analysis showed that non-HDL cholesterol was a more powerful predictor of risk than the HDL to total cholesterol ratio. These British findings were compared with six other prospective studies. All the larger studies showed similar results, suggesting that HDL cholesterol is not a major risk factor in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.     

Bone marrow transplantation: a review of a programme and its first 100 patients

We review the first 100 patients receiving a bone marrow transplant as definitive therapy for their underlying disease. These patients were treated between May 1975 and June 1988. Median age was 8 years (range, 1 month to 43 years). Initially, patients were given transplants late in their disease but, as the programme progressed, patients were given transplants earlier and while in remission from their disease. The types of disease considered for treatment by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) expanded from leukaemia, and aplastic anaemia to include neuroblastoma, thalassaemia and immune deficiency. Initially matched donors were used but the source of marrow broadened to include mismatched family members, matched unrelated donors and autologous marrow. Problems after BMT were rejection (11%), acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (45%), interstitial pneumonitis (22%) and relapse (36%). Recurrence of disease was the cause of half the deaths. GVHD was less frequent with the use of methotrexate and cyclosporin, T-cell depleted marrow or matched donors. Interstitial pneumonitis was more commonly associated with the use of mismatched donors and the development of GHVD. Relapse was less likely when BMT was undertaken in the first remission. At least one long-term side effect was seen in all patients treated with total body irradiation whereas no patient treated without irradiation had long-term side effects. The rate of disease free survival of patients at 24 months was 56% for matched, 48% for closely matched, 46% for autologous and 29% for mismatched transplants. For matched transplants mortality within the first 6 months after transplantation decreased from 28% before 1984 to 5% since 1984. Fifty-one patients have survived to June 1989, 49 of them disease free, for periods ranging from 12 to 123 months (median 29 months).     

双份无关供者脐血移植治疗成人体重急性白血病

目的 探索非亲缘性双份脐血移植（CBT）治疗成人体重急性白血病的可行性及并发症的防治。方法 对3例成人体重（〉50kg）急性白血病患者（1例ALL-NR，2例ANLL．CRl）进行双份无关供者脐血移植，预处理方案采用白消安／环磷酰胺（BU／Cy）方案加抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG），移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的预防用环胞菌素A（CsA）、甲氨蝶呤（MTX）及霉酚酸酯（MMF）±赛尼哌（Zenapax）；肝静脉闭塞病（VOD）的预防用低分子右旋糖酐及肝素。结果 例1、例2中性粒细胞绝对值（ANC）〉0．5×10^9／L的时间分别为＋17d、＋16d。血小板〉50×10^9／L的时间为＋40d、＋37d；DNA指纹图分别在＋18d、＋21d外周血VNTR检测显示为供者1型；例1＋33d骨髓象完全缓解；＋120d出现复发。例2染色体核型为46，XY；于＋55d血型转为A型。目前已无病存活50个月。例3于＋27d回输自体外周血干细胞，恢复自身造血，目前无病生存46个月。结论 对于成人体重受者接受HLA配型部分相合的2份脐血移植在临床上是可行的。     

Normal cholesterol levels with lovastatin (mevinolin) therapy in a child with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia following liver transplantation

Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia produce no normal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, and as a result, LDL accumulates in plasma, causing severe premature atherosclerosis. Two years ago, liver transplantation was performed in a child with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, restoring LDL receptor activity to about 60% of normal and reducing the LDL cholesterol level by 81%. However, the patient's lipoprotein levels remained significantly elevated for her age and sex. Treatment with lovastatin (mevinolin) one year after transplantation produced a marked improvement in the patient's lipoprotein profile. The total and LDL cholesterol levels fell 40% and 49%, respectively, to values within the normal range. The level of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell 41%, and the level of total triglycerides declined 28%. While lovastatin therapy decreased the production rate of LDL by 35%, it did not affect the LDL fractional clearance rate. Thus, the combination of liver transplantation and lovastatin restored total and LDL cholesterol levels to normal in this patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.     

Evaluation of kidney functions and cyclosporine levels in renal transplant patients on Panimum Bioral in post transplant period

A retrospective analysis of the patients being given Panimun Bioral (microemulsion cyclosporine) after renal transplantation was done at IKRDC, (Institute of Kidney Diseases & Research Centre), Ahmedabad. A total of 21 patients were included for analysis. Patients were evaluated for various parameters e.g. weight, cyclosporine levels, S. Creatinine and BUN at three time schedules as 0 to > or = 30 days, > 30 to > or = 60 days and > 60 to 120 days after renal transplantation. The analysis of data obtained indicates the kidney function tests improved in these patients and therapeutically safe blood cyclosporine levels were achieved in all the three timeschedules.     

辛伐他汀治疗肾移植术后高脂血症的临床应用研究

目的 探讨他汀类药物对肾移植术后血脂异常的疗效。方法 将36例术后1年以上的高脂血症患者（血浆胆固醇总量水平＞6.35 mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白＞3.1 mmol/L）作为研究对象。所有患者均采取低脂饮食,测定患者血总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、甘油三酯（TG）、载脂蛋白A（apoA）、载脂蛋白B（apoB）、肌酐（Cr）,谷草转氨酶（GOT）及谷丙转氨酶（GPT）等各参数数值;然后给予辛伐他汀10 mg,每晚一次口服,测定用药后1,3,6,12个月后以上各参数值的变化。结果 肾移植术后高脂血症患者LDL较TC增高更为明显;用药后患者TC,LDL,TG,apoB分别于用药后第1,3,6,12个月时均出现显著性下降（P<0. 01）,LDL的下降尤为明显;HDL于用药后第12个月时出现显著增高（P<0.05）;其余各项指标无显著变化;结论 辛伐他汀可有效、安全地用于治疗肾移植术后血脂异常。 【关键词】 肾移植 辛伐他汀 高脂血症     

肾移植术后并发原发性肺癌的单中心研究

目的 回顾性分析肾移植术后原发性肺癌的临床特点及预后.方法 自1988年1月~2015年4月期间,2793例患者在我院接受肾移植手术.14例(0.5%)患者随后发展为肺癌,其中10例(71.4%)接受了手术治疗.结果 肾移植时患者的平均年龄为50.2±8.3岁.14例肺癌患者中,10例(71.4%)有吸烟史.9例(64.3%)为偶然发现,而有症状者仅为5例.从移植手术到肺癌诊断的平均时间间隔为65.7±20.1个月.统计结果显示,不同肿瘤分期病人的生存率具有统计学差异(P=0.001).随访期间有11例死于肿瘤转移或器官衰竭,3例存活.肺癌诊断后的总体5年生存率为17.9%.结论 肾移植术后原发性肺癌的危险性可能高于一般人群.肾移植术后常规胸部检查可早期发现原发性肺癌,对于及早施行手术、改善预后很有必要.     

脑垂体移植的实验研究——Ⅴ.垂体靶器官的内分泌功能重建

新西兰幼兔垂体移植到切除垂体的青紫兰成兔正中隆起下方,用免疫抑制剂环孢素治疗1个月。术后抽血测定血清 T_4,PRL,LH 水平。半年后杀死动物。研究发现:用环孢素治疗的垂体移植动物存活良好。动物的 T_4,PRL,LH 水平与正常对照组动物相似。这表明移植垂体具有正常的内分泌功能,而且与下丘脑建立了功能联系。不用环孢素治疗的垂体移植动物,内分泌激素测定结果提示移植没有成功。     

肾移植术后应用免疫抑制剂的临床观察

目的:本试验研究肾脏移植术后应用免疫抑制剂治疗,比较应用普乐可复和环孢素的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析移植肾恢复正常者,肾功能恢复时间、急性排斥反应发生率、人/肾存活情况,应用免疫抑制剂后肝功能、血糖、血脂变化。结果:研究表明两组间术后肾功能恢复时间、急性排斥反应发生情况、人肾存活情况无显著性差异,普乐可复对保护肝功能、降低血脂好于环孢素组,发生高血糖多于环孢素组。结论:普乐可复、环孢素均能良好应用于肾移植患者,发挥免疫抑制作用。     

PRA配型技术在致敏受者肾移植术中的应用研究

目的 探讨群体反应性抗体(PRA)配型技术在致敏受者肾移植中的临床效果.方法 应用抗原板(LAT),采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肾移植受者术前的PRA;采用PRA配型技术进行术前配型.结果 12例致敏受者组采用PRA配型技术,肾移植术后肾功能恢复正常,无1例发生超急性排斥反应,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为25%;同期43例非致敏受者组,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为18.6%,虽较致敏受者组低,但两组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 PRA配型技术对减少致敏受者肾移植排斥反应,提高移植物存活率具有重要意义.     

肾移植术后由霉酚酸酯向硫唑嘌呤转换的必要性与安全性研究

目的探讨同种肾移植术后免疫抑制治疗由霉酚酸酯(MMF)转换为硫唑嘌呤(AzA)的必要性与安全性。方法对门诊随访的87例肾移植术后低危患者进行转换药物的前瞻性研究,按随机、开放原则分为两组：转换组42例,在术后满6个月从霉酚酸酯转换为硫唑嘌呤,对照组45例,在术后一直用霉酚酸酯。观察对比各组的移植肾功能指标、排斥反应、并发症及药物毒副作用情况至术后满18个月或出现终点事件为止,评价药物转换的安全性。结果转换组与对照组在移植肾无事件生存率及排斥反应发生率等治疗指标方面无显著差异;转换组的肝损害和白细胞减低发生率高于对照组,经调整药物剂量和辅助治疗后绝大多数可恢复。结论在我国现实经济状况和医疗体制下,部分患者在肾移植术后由MMF转换为硫唑嘌呤是有必要的,在一定条件下也是安全有效的;远期效果尚有待进一步研究。     

The first non-heart-beating organ donor in Hawaii--medical and ethical considerations

The shortage of organ donors remains a major obstacle in transplantation in Hawaii. Some patients die while waiting for a life-saving organ. Across the nation, "marginal" donors, including non-heart-beating donors are used. The authors describe the first successful non-heart-beating organ donor transplant in Hawaii, and include medical and ethical considerations.