抗生素对肠易激综合征的影响及机制探讨

作为20世纪伟大的医学发现之一,抗生素被广泛用于各种病原微生物的感染治疗,其中包括了肠易激综合征（IBS）。尽管临床实践以及多项临床研究均表明抗生素对IBS临床症状的改善有一定的作用,相关的指南、共识也推荐非吸收性抗生素利福昔明用于治疗非腹泻型IBS,但抗生素能否用于IBS的治疗指征尚未明确,长期运用抗生素引发的不良反应也令人担忧,不良反应与临床效益之间的平衡更难把握。然而,还有多项研究发现抗生素的使用对于IBS的发生起着促进作用。本文综述了近年来关于抗生素对IBS影响的研究,发现抗生素可能从降低肠道微生物多样性、损害上皮屏障功能、影响细胞因子产生等多个方面引发IBS,同时也从两个方面指出抗生素应用于IBS指征的不确定性,认为临床医生应当重视抗生素对IBS发病的影响,评估抗生素治疗IBS的利弊,合理、谨慎地使用抗生素,从而为抗生素在IBS的发生、发展以及临床应用方面提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

抗生素对普通呼吸道感染严重并发症的保护作用：英国全科医疗研究资料库的回顾性队列研究

目的确定抗生素降低普通呼吸道感染严重并发症的风险程度。设计回顾性队列研究。地点组成全科医疗研究数据库的英国初级医疗服务机构。资料来源336万人次呼吸道感染。主要转归指标诊断后1个月内，治疗和不治疗的患者严重并发症的风险：包括中耳炎后乳突炎，咽喉炎后的扁桃体周脓肿，上呼吸道感染和胸部感染后的肺炎。为减少1例并发症所需治疗的患者数。结果上呼吸道感染、咽喉炎和中耳炎后的严重并发症很少见，需要治疗的例数（NNT）超过4000。胸部感染后肺炎的风险很高，特别是老年人，使用抗生素可以明显减少风险。为减少1例并发症，在≥65岁的人群需要治疗的患者数为39，年轻人群为96～119。结论抗生素治疗不能减少上呼吸道感染、咽喉炎和中耳炎后发生严重并发症的风险。抗生素可以明显降低胸腔感染后肺炎的风险，特别是在风险最大的老年人群。     

神经外科术后颅内感染患者的抗生素使用

目的了解神经外科术后患者颅内感染情况及抗生素的使用。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2011年6月,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科开颅术后脑脊液培养阳性患者的感染时间、致病菌分布及抗生素应用等情况。结果 2009年1月至2011年6月共行神经外科开颅手术21 067例,脑脊液培养阳性者253例,占1.20%,患者术后平均感染发生时间为7.2 d,术后病原学回报时间平均10.2 d。病原学培养结果中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌所占比例最高,为28.85%,金黄色葡萄球菌为14.62%。所有脑脊液培养阳性患者均经验性使用抗生素治疗,在经验性治疗中,有33.4%的抗生素对致病菌敏感,目标性用药中82.9%为真正的抗生素敏感。结论目前脑脊液细菌学培养阳性率较低;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是患者神经外科术后颅内感染的主要致病菌;经验性抗生素治疗的准确性有待提高。     

Are antibiotics necessary in acute cholecystitis?

The value of antibiotics in 302 cases of acute cholecystitis was examined. Antibiotics are valueless in decreasing the incidence of local septic complications, such as empyema or pericholecystic abscess formation. Antibiotics are valuable in decreasing the number of wound infections and the incidence of septicaemia in patients who are at risk. Patients at risk are aged over 60 years or have a debilitating disease which lowers host resistance to infection or already have a septic complications, such as a pericholecystic abscess. Patients who are aged under 60 years and who have uncomplicated acute cholecystitis do not require antibiotics.     

Antibiotic treatment of adults with sore throat by community primary care physicians: a national survey, 1989-1999

CONTEXT: Most sore throats are due to viral upper respiratory tract infections. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), the only common cause of sore throat warranting antibiotics, is cultured in 5% to 17% of adults with sore throat. The frequency of antibiotic use for pharyngitis has greatly exceeded the prevalence of GABHS, but less is known about specific classes of antibiotics used. Only penicillin and erythromycin are recommended as first-line antibiotics against GABHS. OBJECTIVES: To measure trends in antibiotic use for adults with sore throat and to determine predictors of antibiotic use and nonrecommended antibiotic use. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Retrospective analysis of 2244 visits to primary care physicians in office-based practices in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1989-1999, by adults with a chief complaint of sore throat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Treatment with antibiotics and treatment with nonrecommended antibiotics, extrapolated to US annual national rates. RESULTS: There were an estimated 6.7 million annual visits in the United States by adults with sore throat between 1989 and 1999. Antibiotics were used in 73% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%-76%) of visits. Patients treated with antibiotics were given nonrecommended antibiotics in 68% (95% CI, 64%-72%) of visits. From 1989 to 1999, there was a significant decrease in use of penicillin and erythromycin and an increase in use of nonrecommended antibiotics, especially extended-spectrum macrolides and extended-spectrum fluoroquinolones (P<.001 for all trends). In multivariable modeling, increasing patient age (odds ratio [OR], 0.86 per decade; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94) and general practice specialty (OR, 1.54 compared with family practice specialty; 95% CI, 1.10-2.14) were independent predictors of antibiotic use. Among patients receiving antibiotics, nonrecommended antibiotic use became more frequent over time (OR, 1.17 per year; 95% CI, 1.11-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of adults are treated with antibiotics for sore throat by community primary care physicians. Use of nonrecommended, more expensive, broader-spectrum antibiotics is frequent.     

住院患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌医院感染危险因素的探讨

目的探讨神经内科住院患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDRPA)感染现状及医院内感染的危险因素。方法选取2006年至2011年在神经内科住院且分离出多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌的患者为研究对象,应用Microscan Walk away 96SI全自动微生物鉴定仪检测药物敏感性,应用病例对照方法把多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染病例和同期检测出的敏感型铜绿假单胞菌作比较,.应用单因素分析(t检验与χ2检验)和多因素Logistic回归方法进行统计分析。结果共选取神经内科感染铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)60株,其中,多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌20株,总分离率为33.33%;标本大多取自呼吸道,约占77.49%;应用单因素分析显示,既往曾在重症监护室治疗、存在基础疾病、住院天数、曾行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗、应用机械通气的时间、分离出MDRPA前小于14 d给予碳青霉烯类抗生素和MDRP感染均有关联;进行多因素Logistic回归统计分析明确了3种独立的危险因素:既往曾在重症监护室治疗、进行过机械通气治疗、分离出MDRP前小于14 d曾给予碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗。结论既往曾经在重症监护室治疗、给予机械通气治疗和应用碳青霉烯类抗生素为神经内科住院患者感染多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌3种危险因素;加强无菌操作观念,掌握机械性通气的应用指征,改善病房条件是防范住院患者感染MDRPA的一项重要方法。     

Can antibiotic use be both just and sustainable... or only more or less so?

Antibiotic resistance threatens the capacity to treat life-threatening infections. If it is accepted that it will be many years (if not decades) until the production of new antibiotics overcomes current concerns with antibiotic resistance then ways to conserve the effectiveness of current antibiotics will have to be found. For many bacterial agents of infection levels of antibiotic resistance are directly dependent on the quantity of antibiotic prescribed. Antibiotics are currently underutilised in many parts of the world. If a just distribution of access to antibiotics requires equal access for individuals with equal need irrespective of wealth then responding to this requirement of justice has the potential to shorten the effective life of currently available antibiotics. Increasing the range and numbers of individuals treated with antibiotics would seem to threaten sustainability and also potentially undermine the access of future generations to cost-effective treatments for bacterial infection. The control of antibiotic resistance requires that the determinants of infectious disease transmission are addressed, such as poor housing, education and nutrition as well as the provision of antibiotics. The apparent tension between intragenerational justice and sustainability diminishes when the account of distributive justice extends beyond access to antibiotics and includes plural entitlements. Controlling antibiotic resistance requires more than the redistribution or reduction (in the overall use) of antibiotics.     

Management in the wound-care center outpatient setting of a diabetic patient with forefoot osteomyelitis using Cerament Bone Void Filler impregnated with vancomycin: off-label use

Several nonbiodegradable and biodegradable antibiotic cement delivery systems are available for the delivery of antibiotics for adjunctive therapy in the management of osteomyelitis. A major nonbiodegradable delivery system is polymethylmethacrylate beads. Antibiotics that can be incorporated into this delivery system are limited to the heat-stable antibiotics vancomycin and aminoglycosides, tobramycin being the most popular. Calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite (Cerament Bone Void Filler) is a unique biocompatible and biodegradable ceramic bone void filler that can successfully deliver heat-stable and heat-unstable antibiotics in musculoskeletal infections. The use of Cerament as antibiotic beads has not been previously reported. An off-label case of diabetic foot osteomyelitis successfully managed with surgical bone resection and vancomycin Cerament antibiotic beads is presented. Subsequent surgery for the bone infection and staged removal of the antibiotic beads was not necessary.     

临床医学七年制外总抗菌药物合理应用部分的教改初探

根据近期出版的抗菌素治疗外科感染系列指南,对教学内容进行调整,首先介绍了国内外科感染的常见致病菌,以及外科感染常见病原菌的耐药情况,之后介绍外科感染抗菌素的经验治疗,以及何时开始外科感染抗菌素的目标治疗,最后介绍手术部位感染的抗菌素预防原则与方法,让学生了解外科治疗的前沿情况,以及我们临床上目前的实际情况,以及出现这种情况的实际原因。通过以上内容的教学,使学生能够了解临床实际情况,理论密切结合实践。     

奥密克戎(Omicron)变异株及其对口腔诊疗的潜在影响

严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染引起的2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,我国通称新型冠状病毒肺炎,简称新冠肺炎)疫情已经在全世界蔓延超过两年,...     

Old and new targets of antibacterial therapy

Currently available antibiotics target bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication. Antibiotics that are structurally unrelated sometimes have common targets. Mutations in these common targets frequently give rise to bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. The impact of these bacteria in clinical situations is increasing whereas development of effective antibiotics for their treatment is not keeping pace. This emerging crisis in clinical care has led to intense efforts in new antibiotic development. Both improvements in currently available classes of antibiotics as well as discovery of completely novel ones are being aggressively sought. In this review, the mechanisms of action of available antibiotics will be discussed with emphasis on newly developed drugs. Also, some of the potential new targets of antibiotic therapy in the future will be highlighted.     

新生儿呼吸道感染细菌学分析

目的：调查2002-2004年我院新生儿病房新生儿呼吸道感染的细菌及耐药情况。方法：从新生儿病房送检的咽拭子中分离出的细菌进行鉴定和耐药率分析。结果：医院感染的201病例中．检出343株细菌，革兰氏阴性杆菌主要致病菌269株（78％），其中聚团肠杆菌感染率最高（13％）。革兰氏阳性菌中，表皮葡萄球菌感染率最高（14％）。所分离的细菌均具有多重耐药性，葡萄球菌对青霉素类抗生素耐药率很高（77％以上）。革兰氏阴性杆菌对头孢噻肟和头孢三嗪耐药率低。哌拉西林的抗菌活性较强，特别是对铜绿假单胞菌和产碱假单胞菌有较强的抗菌活性。结论：新生儿呼吸道感染的临床用药应根椐实验室报告，首选窄谱抗生素，提倡尽量应用一种抗生素。减少抗生素联合用药，严格控制预防用药。     

抗菌药物合理应用量化考核评价标准实施后调查与分析

目的为促进合理用药,保证医疗质量,将该院抗菌药物合理应用量化考核评价标准结合临床用药进行调查分析。方法将2011年10月该院胃肠外科、泌尿外科使用抗菌药物的199例出院病历,从疾病诊断、有无感染、用药情况等方面进行统计调查分析。结果考核分值>90分的为用药合理占81.41%,外科手术预防用药、抗菌药物分级使用等方面存在不足。结论该院的抗菌药物合理应用量化考核评价标准有可操作性,可促进临床抗菌药物应用更加安全、有效、合理、经济。     

老年患者应用抗生素继发真菌感染130例临床分析

目的了解我院老年患者应用抗生素继发真菌感染的情况,有效预防和控制老年患者医院内真菌感染。方法对我科2006-07~2009-06间,收治的130例老年患者医院内真菌感染病例进行分析。结果老年患者是真菌感染的易感人群;老年患者应用抗生素后继发真菌感染率高(63.11%);抗生素应用是诱发真菌感染的主要原因,占同期院内感染的70.2%。主要病原菌为白色假丝酵母菌(58.0%);真菌耐药率呈逐年增加。结论要高度重视老年患者医院内真菌感染,加强真菌学教育、规范抗生素应用、重视病原学监测,合理预防用药。     

北京市奥运村综合诊所内科应用抗生素分析

目的总结北京市奥运村综合诊所内科应用抗生素的经验,以提高合理使用抗生素的水平。方法在2008年奥运会前制订抗生素适应证,奥运会后回顾性总结处方与适应证的一致性,分析过度应用抗生素的影响因素。结果内科共就诊1537例患者,开处方1233张。总体感染956例（62．2％）,其中呼吸道感染809例（52．6％）。应用抗生素149例（9．7％）,占总处方量的12．1％,过度使用43例（28．9％）,其中39例为呼吸道感染。国内工作人员患者抗生素过度使用率（34．6％）,明显高于非工作人员患者（14．3％,P〈0．01）。国内工作人员是过度使用抗生素的独立影响因素（OR=3．07,95％CI=1．11～8．50）。结论综合诊所内科较好地控制了抗生素使用,但仍有改进余地。     

Combined Antibiotic Therapy

The indications for combined antibiotic therapy are reviewed, and two major indications are discussed at length: the prevention of development of antibiotic resistance and the possibility of achieving antibiotic synergism.

Since micro-organisms vary in their behaviour in the presence of different antibiotic combinations, careful evaluation of clinical response and close laboratory control are necessary.

Antibiotics are divided into four groups and their possible combinations are described. It is emphasized that bactericidal antibiotics, e.g. penicillin and streptomycin, which act only on multiplying bacteria, may be antagonized by some bacteriostatic antibiotics, e.g. tetracycline. Clinical observations appear to confirm the usefulness of this division of the antibiotics.

     

204株铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的:对2007至2009年分离出的204株铜绿假单胞菌的药物敏感性进行回顾性分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:对2007至2009年分离出的204株铜绿假单胞菌进行美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、氨曲南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星及头孢吡肟8种药物耐药性分析(应用纸片扩散法),操作和判定参照2006年美国临床试验室标准委员会标准。结果:铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗生素的耐药率均呈逐年上升趋势,对碳青酶烯类抗生素(如亚胺培南)的耐药率相对较低。结论:亚胺培南可作为对铜绿假单胞菌感染经验性治疗的首选药物,临床用药可根据抗生素敏感率统计结果来选用抗生素,做到个体化治疗。     

新生儿败血症的细菌分布与药敏分析

目的探讨我院2007年1月-2010年10月新生儿败血症的细菌分布和敏感性特征。方法回顾分析我院新生儿败血症的临床资料。结果血培养阳性率为6.8%（159/2338）,159例住院的新生儿败血症以革兰阳性球菌为主,占55.3%（88/159）,主要为表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌4种;革兰阴性杆菌占25.2%（40/159）,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌两种,药物敏感性结果葡萄球菌敏感度较好的抗生素为奎宁始霉素/达福普汀、呋喃妥因、呋西地酸、替考拉宁、米诺环素、万古霉素,阴性杆菌敏感较好的抗生素为是亚胺培南、美洛培南和环丙沙星,酶抑制剂的复合物和头孢西丁为中度敏感。结论熟悉本地区细菌分布特点以及细菌的敏感性特征,合理选用抗生素对于新生儿败血症的治疗以及防止细菌耐药有重要意义。     

RICU患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解呼吸科重症监护病房(respiratory intensive care unit,RICU)患者医院获得性感染的细菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗生素,预防医院感染提供依据.方法 调查我院2005年1～12月RICU发生医院感染患者的临床资料.结果 RICU医院感染率为64.10%,以下呼吸道感染为主占65.19%,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主占74.34%.其中铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌分别占28.68%、23.02%,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低为35.94%,而对其它抗菌药物的耐药率均较高.结论 应重视病原菌的培养和药物敏感实验结果,合理使用抗生素.     

骨科病区抗菌药物使用调查及分析

目的了解骨科患者抗菌药物的应用情况,指导抗菌药物的合理应用。方法随机抽取2009年6-8月489例骨科住院患者病历,对抗菌药物使用品种、用药频度、联合用药、使用方法等进行统计分析。结果在489例病历中有462例使用了抗菌药,用于预防感染334例（72.29%）,用于治疗128例（27.71%）;单一用药234例（50.65%）,二联用药165例（35.71%）,三联用药44例（9.52%）。其中24例做了药敏实验（5.19%）。结论应加强抗菌药物的应用管理,规范临床用药。