Bloodletting Puncture at Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Relieves Brain Edema after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats via Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether blood-brain barrier(BBB)served a key role in the edema-relief effect of bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points(HTWP)in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and the potential molecular signaling pathways.Methods:Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the shamoperated(sham),TBI,and bloodletting puncture(bloodletting)groups(n=24 per group)using a randomized number table.The TBI model rats were induced by cortical contusion and then bloodletting puncture were performed at HTWP twice a day for 2 days.The neurological function and cerebral edema were evaluated by modified neurological severity score(mNSS),cerebral water content,magnetic resonance imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser speckles.The protein levels of aquaporin 4(AQP4),matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP9)and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(MAPK)signaling were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot.Results:Compared with TBI group,bloodletting puncture improved neurological function at 24 and 48 h,alleviated cerebral edema at 48 h,and reduced the permeability of BBB induced by TBI(all P<0.05).The AQP4 and MMP9 which would disrupt the integrity of BBB were downregulated by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p38 signaling pathways were inhibited by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05).Conclusions:Bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting BBB through regulating the expressions of MMP9 and AQP4 as well as corresponding regulatory upstream ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Therefore,bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI-induced cerebral edema.     

如何学好药理学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用、作用机制及规律的科学,是连接基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学的一门重要课程.许多学生在初次学习药理学时,认为药理学不好学,内容复杂、抽象,药物种类较多,抓不住重点,难以记忆,不知道怎样学习药理学,现就这些问题谈谈学习药理学的方法.     

昆虫抗冻蛋白及其在医学领域中的应用

抗冻蛋白(antifreeze protein,AFP)是一类结构多样的蛋白质,具有热滞效应(thermal hysteresis,TH,降低冰点而不改变熔点)和重结晶抑制效应(recrystalization inhabition,RI).通过非共价吸附抑制机制吸附到冰核表面,限制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶重结晶,从而保护有机体免受结冰引起的伤害.由于抗冻蛋白具有阻止冰晶生长而不破坏细胞的特点,因而利用抗冻蛋白在低温中长期保存各种细胞、组织和器官,特别在器官移植中可能具有很好的应用前景.     

Sternal Reconstruction of Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Median Sternotomy by Single-stage Muscle Flaps Transposition

Objective To assess clinical effectiveness of using bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps in treating deep sternal wound infection （DSWI） following median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2009 and December 2013, 19 patients with DSWI after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery were admitted to our hospital, including 14 males （73.7%） and 5 females （26.3%）, aged 55±13 （18-78） years. According to the Pairolero classification of infected median sternotomies, 3 （15.8%） patients were type II, and the other 16 （84.2%） were type III. Surgical procedure consisted of adequate debridement of infected sternum, costal cartilage, granulation, steel wires, suture residues and other foreign substances. Sternal reconstruction used the bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps to obliterate dead space. The drainage tubes were placed and connected to a negative pressure generator for adequate drainage. Results There were no intraoperative deaths. In 15 patients （78.9%）, bilateral pectoral muscle flaps were mobilized sufficiently to cover and stabilize the defect created by wound debridement. 4 patients （21.0%） needed bilateral pectoral muscle flaps plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps because their pectoralis major muscle flaps could not reach the lowest portion of the wound. 2 patients （10.5%） presented with subcutaneous infection, and 3 patients （15.8%） had hematoma. They recovered following local debridement and medication. 17 patients （89.5%） were examined at follow-up 12 months later, all healed and having stable sternum. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 12 months. Conclusion DSWI following median sternotomy may be effectively managed with adequate debridement of infected tissues and reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis major muscle or plus rectus abdominis muscle flap transposition.     

植皮区域局限性皮肤松弛症1例

病人,女,81岁.40年前在工作时双上肢不慎被火烧伤,当年在大连化工厂医院烧伤科给予取自体腹部皮肤行前臂植皮术,术后植皮区域皮肤成活修复良好.4年前无明显诱因双侧前臂植皮区域肤色逐渐变深,无意中发现皮肤明显松弛,无不适感.近3个月自觉植皮区域疼痛不适,局部无红肿等,轻微牵拉皮肤时疼痛明显.自发病起4年皮损未见扩大.患者既往体健,否认家族有类似病患者.     

对症喝汤好处多

夏季多喝汤不仅能调节口味,补充体液,增强食欲,而且能防病抗病,对健康有益. 日常人们常喝的汤有荤、素两大类.荤汤有鸡汤、肉汤、骨头汤、鱼汤、蛋花汤等,素汤有海带汤、豆腐汤、紫菜汤、番茄汤、冬瓜汤和米汤等.无论是荤汤还是素汤,都应根据各人的喜好与口味来选料烹制,加之"对症喝汤",就可达到抗衰治病、清热解毒的"汤疗"效果.     

维生素B1和维生素B12肌注致过敏性休克1例报告

1 临床资料 患者,男,23岁,因左下肢疼痛20 d来医院就诊.询问病史:患者2 d前在上级医院诊断为坐骨神经痛.既往健康,无药物过敏史.门诊当日给予维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B12 250靏肌注,用药约5 min时患者感到头晕、胸闷、呼吸困难、寒战,面色苍白,脉搏105次·min-1,血压80/50 mmHg,考虑为药物所致过敏性休克,立即给予平卧,氧气吸入,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,地塞米松10 mg静注,5 min后患者恢复正常.     

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会会议纪要

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会(The European Respiratory Society 16th Annual Congress)于2006年9月1日～6日在德国慕尼黑市国际会议中心(ICM)召开,来自100多个国家和地区的16 888名代表参加了会议,大会共收到论文5277篇,接收论文4221篇,其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾)84篇(图1).现将会议内容扼要介绍如下.     

POCT的信息管理

POCT是在医疗条件下,由非实验室的卫生保健人员,在实验室的质控指导下,于病人身边进行的检验。它广泛适用于医院(如外科,儿科)、监护病房、急救单位、保险公司、社区医疗、家庭保健网络等领域。当今,POCT在全球方兴未艾,据调查,现今已有10%的诊断实验是在POCT仪器上完成的,究其原因,无非是POCT兼具医学上的有效性及经济两个方面的优势。当然,随着POCT设备的投放不断增加,使用范围不断拓展,POCT的管理问题也日益凸现,本文将对POCT实施中的信息管理的若干问题进行初步探讨。     

澳大利亚GMP与我国GMP的比较分析

目的:对澳大利亚和我国GMP管理进行对比分析和探讨.方法:借鉴澳大利亚TGA的药品质量监管经验,对GMP体系、现场检查和跟踪检查进行全面阐述,并与我国情况的比较分析.结果与结论:我国GMP管理体系存在严重缺陷,必须进行改进以适应GMP管理国际一体化的发展趋势,促进我国医药企业进入国际市场.     

青少年儿童近视成因及防控进展

众所周知,近视可由遗传、外界环境、不良用眼习惯等综合性因素导致,主要预防措施为定期进行视力筛查,并及时对症治疗,与此同时养成良好用眼习惯,保持充足睡眠,保证一定运动量及营养均衡。若判定为近视,可通过光学镜片、西药治疗及中医治疗等方式延缓度数增加,若以上方式均无效,还可通过手术方式进行矫正。目前,近视给青少年的健康及成长带来的重大影响已成为公论,故我国近视低龄化问题也越发受到社会各界的关注。针对社会人群而言,了解近视成因,对精准预防与有效控制格外重要。本文对近年来文献报道进行总结,从近视形成原因、预防、筛查及控制措施等方面进行综述。     

肺癌发生发展中cJun、cFos的表达

目的:探讨肺癌发生发展过程中cJun、cFos表达水平.方法:收集42例人肺癌标本,其中10例可观察到肺癌癌前病变组织,运用免疫组织化学的方法,研究cJun、cFos在上述组织中的表达水平.结果:42例肺癌组织中cJun、cFos的阳性表达率分别为83.2%和59.5%,其中鳞癌为88.0%和56.0%,腺癌为69.2%和53.8%,小细胞肺癌均为100.0%.正常肺组织cJun、cFos表达阴性.在4例癌前组织中,cJun表达为75%;9例癌前病变组织中,cFos表达为77.8%.结论:在肺癌组织中,有cJun、cFos的高表达,同时,cJun的表达可能介导肺癌的促癌过程.     

苦参碱和氧化苦参碱体内外模型的肝毒性比较研究

目的比较苦参碱(matrine,MT)和氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine,OMT)的肝毒性,以探索其毒性严重程度和特征,并初步阐明毒性机制。方法用对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)、苦参碱和氧化苦参碱处理肝细胞,24 h后,检测IC50、肝细胞酶含量、病理形态、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)含量,并检测凋亡率。用对乙酰氨基酚、苦参碱和氧化苦参碱处理斑马鱼,96 h后,检测LC50、肝细胞病理形态、丙二醛和谷胱甘肽含量,并检测凋亡率,同时检测氧化应激相关基因zgc:136383、凋亡相关基因EIF4EBP3和zgc:123120的表达。结果苦参碱和氧化苦参碱对肝细胞有毒性作用,苦参碱IC50为5.3 mmol/L,氧化苦参碱为19mmol/L。苦参碱和氧化苦参碱处理肝细胞的谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷草转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶含量升高,肝细胞肿胀,丙二醛含量升高,谷胱甘肽含量降低,凋亡率增加(P0.05)。苦参碱和氧化苦参碱对斑马鱼有毒性作用,苦参碱的LC50为0.41 mmol/L,氧化苦参碱为3.8 mmol/L。苦参碱和氧化苦参碱处理的斑马鱼肝细胞呈现轻度至中度空泡化,丙二醛含量和凋亡率增加,谷胱甘肽含量降低(P0.05)。苦参碱下调氧化应激相关基因zgc:136383(P0.05),下调抗凋亡基因EIF4BP3,上调促基因zgc:123120(P0.05)。结论体内外模型结果一致,苦参碱和氧化苦参碱具有肝毒性,其毒性特征相似,苦参碱的毒性大于氧化苦参碱。肝毒性机制与氧化应激和细胞凋亡有关:苦参碱下调基因zgc:136383减少脂质转运,并激活氧化应激反应;苦参碱上调促凋亡基因zgc:123120,下调抗凋亡基因EIF4EBP3并诱导肝细胞凋亡。     

我国人与犬、猫共患病防控存在的主要问题与对策建议

随着社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加速及人们生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的宠物走进了人们的家庭,在人类社会生活中发挥了积极作用.但同时,宠物也是人兽共患病的重要传染源和传播媒介.与人类关系最为密切的犬、猫在人兽共患病的防控中具有重要的意义.在已报道的200多种主要的人兽共患病中,与宠物犬、猫有直接或间接关系的有70余种.随着宠物犬猫数量的大幅攀升和宠物业的飞速发展,我国人与犬猫共患病可能会出现逐步高发的趋势,疫病防控工作面临着许多问题.为了完善宠物管理制度,建立有效的防疫监督体系,对人与犬猫共患病实行有效的防控,本文就完善法律法规、形成综合管理机制,加强卫生监督、强化无害化处理、培养专业人才以及广泛开展宣传教育等6个方面提出了相关建议.     

Smoking and pursuit of thinness in schoolgirls in London and Ottawa.

It has been proposed that teenage girls often smoke cigarettes to protect themselves from the impulse to binge eat, with its feared weight-gain consequences, particularly when other measures such as greater dietary restraint have failed. The present study looked at the relationship between body mass index and standardised questionnaire responses concerning smoking, alcohol consumption, moods, weight changes, attitudes to body weight and shape, dietary patterns and menstruation in 1936 British (London) and 832 Canadian (Ottawa) schoolgirls. Data analysis revealed links between cigarette smoking and body weight/shape concerns, and awareness by subjects of these links; there was also a tendency for smokers in these two populations to be overweight but not grossly obese. Smoking was also related at all ages to being postmenarchal. The London population in particular revealed an association between smoking and a weight loss of 7 kg or more at some stage since puberty. Smoking was also linked, in a minority, with regular vomiting undertaken as a further defence against weight gain when overeating had occurred. These associations existed alongside the major and predictable association found between alcohol consumption and smoking. Similarities between the British and Canadian schoolgirls were striking in respect of rank order of reasons given for smoking and consequences of giving it up. Since smoking amongst older women is reportedly associated with below-average body weight it may indeed be effective in helping to curb weight gain. Our study provided little evidence of association between smoking and generalised anxiety or social anxiety (in either population), or depression (in the British cohort). We suggest that any preventive psychological approach to teenage female smoking should include attention to weight gain anxiety and consequent pursuit of thinness.     

芒果核提取物动物体内外的抗菌作用及安全性研究

目的研究芒果核提取物动物体内外抑菌效果及其使用的安全性。方法采用二倍稀释法及琼脂扩散法,观察芒果核提取物对常见肠道感染致病菌（标准和耐药）志贺痢疾杆菌、福氏痢疾杆菌、大肠埃希菌的体外抑菌作用;采用小鼠复制感染模型观察芒果核提取物动物体内抑菌效果;用小鼠空腹经口灌胃给予芒果核提取物做急性毒性试验。结果芒果核提取物对标准和耐药志贺痢疾杆菌、福氏痢疾杆菌、大肠埃希菌有不同程度体外抑菌作用,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为7．8、7．8、7．8、15．6、15．6mg／ml和15．6mg／ml,抑菌圈直径分别为20、18、21、19、17、18mm;动物体内大、中、小剂量对（标准及耐药组）福氏痢疾杆菌及志贺痢疾杆菌感染小鼠有明显抑菌作用;小鼠灌胃最大耐受量40g／kg,相当临床用量的50倍。结论芒果核提取物对常见3种肠道感染菌具有较明显的体内外抑菌作用及具有良好的安全性。     

胡椒碱-茶氨酸共无定型复合物的制备与体内外研究

目的  将胡椒碱(PIP)和茶氨酸(THE)联合制备成胡椒碱-茶氨酸共无定型复合物(PIP-THE CAC),提高PIP的溶出度以及生物利用度。方法  通过淬火冷却法制备PIP-THE CAC,采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、粉末X-射线衍射(XRPD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的PIP-THE CAC进行表征分析,对PIP-THE CAC在漏槽和非漏槽条件下的体外溶出进行评价,并考察PIP-THE CAC的物理稳定性。此外,在大鼠体内进行PIP-THE CAC的药代动力学研究。结果  DSC和XRPD结果表明成功制备PIP-THE CAC。FTIR证实在PIP-THE CAC中,PIP与THE之间发生了分子间氢键相互作用,导致PIP-THE CAC具有良好的物理稳定性。SEM观察发现PIP-THE CAC呈不规则块状、颗粒状,已不见PIP和THE的特征。体外溶出实验表明,与PIP原料药及PIP-THEPM相比,PIP-THE CAC具有更高的溶出速率和溶出度并且可维持长时间的超饱和程度。药代动力学实验结果表明,与PIP原料药组比较,PIP-THE CAC组C_max、t_max、AUC_{0-24 h}、AUC_0-∞显著增加(P < 0.01),PIP的C_max和生物利用度分别提高了2.03、1.93倍(P < 0.01)。结论  将PIP和THE联合制备成的PIP-THE CAC能有效地改善PIP的溶解度、体外溶出度以及生物利用度。      

我国大肠癌防治研究的挑战与机遇

大肠癌发病率日渐增高,而治疗效果不甚理想,总的10年生存率徘徊在50%左右.如何提高大肠癌的治愈率,关键在于大肠癌的早期诊断与早期治疗.随着分子生物学技术的发展,人们对肿瘤病因的认识越来越深入,从病因机制出发干预、阻断肿瘤的发生发展.这也成为我国大肠癌防治研究面临的挑战与机遇.